{"id":7309,"date":"2019-04-03T19:59:34","date_gmt":"2019-04-03T17:59:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=7309"},"modified":"2019-04-03T19:59:34","modified_gmt":"2019-04-03T17:59:34","slug":"fashizmi-rrefim-per-ideologjine-qe-hipnotizoi-italine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=7309","title":{"rendered":"FASHIZMI \/ Rr\u00ebfim p\u00ebr ideologjin\u00eb q\u00eb hipnotizoi Italin\u00eb"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mussolini t\u00ebrhoqi nga vetja sektor\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs e t\u00eb arg\u00ebtimit si instrumenta p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar fytyr\u00ebn e re t\u00eb kombit dhe t\u00eb identitetit t\u00eb vendit<\/strong><\/p>\n

Italian\u00ebt popull tifoz\u00ebsh, futbolli sporti komb\u00ebtar m\u00eb i dashur. Raporti i privilegjuar i Vendit t\u00eb Bukur me topin konsolidohet gjat\u00eb Nj\u00ebzetvje\u00e7arit fashist. \u00cbsht\u00eb e njohur se duke filluar nga ajo periudh\u00eb dhe dora dor\u00ebs n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb sistematike, fashizmi t\u00ebrhoqi nga vetja sektor\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs e t\u00eb arg\u00ebtimit si instrumenta p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar fytyr\u00ebn e re t\u00eb kombit dhe t\u00eb identitetit italian. Edhe futbolli nuk i shp\u00ebtoi k\u00ebsaj strategjie dhe, ashtu si shkenca, let\u00ebrsia, muzika, arkitektura, t\u00eb manipuluara si\u00e7 duhet, hyri p\u00ebr t\u2019u b\u00ebr\u00eb pjes\u00eb e atij mekanizmi n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb cilit regjimi tentoi t\u00eb siguronte konsensusin e masave. N\u00eb librin \u201cFutboll e Fashiz\u00ebm\u201d Simon Martin investigon strategjit\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb cilave gradualisht futbolli transformohet nga nj\u00eb kalim kohe i thjesht\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb instrument i privilegjuar p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb identiteti komb\u00ebtar krenar e mosp\u00ebrfill\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Natyra e tij, sipas Du\u00e7es, e b\u00ebnte t\u00eb aft\u00eb t\u00eb ekzaltonte popullin, t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinte grupe shoq\u00ebrore t\u00eb m\u00ebdha e t\u00eb ndryshme, t\u00eb l\u00ebvizte pasione dhe ndjenja. Vullneti p\u00ebr ta inkuadruar popullin, p\u00ebr t\u00eb edukuar me urdh\u00ebrimet fashiste, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb aspekt magjeps\u00ebs dhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb kuptimi i ri n\u00eb panoram\u00ebn politike komb\u00ebtare, n\u00ebqoft\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb q\u00eb Mussolini i pari dhe mbi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb vuri n\u00eb praktik\u00eb mendimin e sociologut francez Gustave Le Bon i cili, duke hetuar psikologjin\u00eb e masave, e kish kuptuar shum\u00eb mir\u00eb se atje ku ekziston nj\u00eb pushtet i fort\u00eb ekziston n\u00ebnshtrimi dhe manipulimi i mendjeve. Dometh\u00ebn\u00eb, masat kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb drejtues q\u00eb t\u2019u jap\u00eb atyre siguri. N\u00eb kapitujt e par\u00eb t\u00eb librit, autori b\u00ebn nj\u00eb rikonjicion t\u00eb holl\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb fenomenit m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb t\u00eb njohur si \u201cnacionalizim\u201d: domosdoshm\u00ebrin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar konsensusin e popullit duke nd\u00ebrhyr\u00eb me k\u00ebmb\u00eb ngritur n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata sektor\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb kishin mund\u00ebsuar nj\u00eb kontroll t\u00eb individit, edhe ato m\u00eb \u201cvulgaret\u201d, si pik\u00ebrisht futbolli.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrb\u00ebn aspak rast\u00ebsi fakti q\u00eb n\u00eb vitet Tridhjet\u00eb futbolli si loj\u00eb kryesisht \u201cfashiste\u201d transformohet, rritet, t\u00ebrheq nga vetja mij\u00ebra individ\u00eb, p\u00ebrhapet nga veriu n\u00eb jug, duke triumfuar n\u00eb skenarin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar, duke marr\u00eb karakteristikat q\u00eb i ruan akoma dhe sot: loj\u00eb skuadre me logjika dhe taktika t\u00eb sakta. Faqet e para t\u00eb librit rezultojn\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mprehtat, atje ku autori shpjegon sesi regjimi e t\u00ebrhoqi n\u00ebn krahun mbrojt\u00ebs t\u00eb tij k\u00ebt\u00eb sport dhe e transformoi n\u00eb di\u00e7ka unike. Fashizmi kish kuptuar at\u00eb q\u00eb qeverit\u00eb e m\u00ebparshme liberale, komunist\u00ebt dhe socialist\u00ebt e kishin injoruar, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb potencialin e madh q\u00eb futbolli ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb ushtronte n\u00eb stimulimin e interesit dhe mb\u00ebshtetetjes s\u00eb turmave. Socializmi dhe katolicizmi, l\u00ebvizjet kryesore n\u00eb gjendje p\u00ebr t\u00eb ofruar raste pjes\u00ebmarrjeje dhe relaksim sportiv e kreativ n\u00eb Italin\u00eb parafashiste, e konsideronin sportin vet\u00ebm si nj\u00eb mjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb zhvilluar forc\u00ebn fizike dhe ushtarake. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb ato humb\u00ebn nj\u00eb rast t\u00eb madh p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb prozelit\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht sepse e lan\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb ishte jopolitik dhe i destrukturuar. Kishte pasur disa tentativa n\u00eb aspektin sportiv, p\u00ebr shembull n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet organizimit t\u00eb shoqatave dhe federatave sportive t\u00eb mark\u00ebs katolike, megjithat\u00eb, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn qysh nga mbarimi i Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, q\u00ebndrimi ndaj sportit qe negativ nga ana e l\u00ebvizjeve politike t\u00eb sip\u00ebrp\u00ebrmendura. Ekzistenca pastaj e k\u00ebtyre shoqatave dhe grupeve u vu n\u00eb prov\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb nga regjimi, i cili menj\u00ebher\u00eb tentoi t\u2019i fus\u00eb inisiativa t\u00eb tilla n\u00eb aspektin e vet\u00ebm kreativ, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb orator\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr socializmin, mbizot\u00ebronte influenca e thell\u00eb e mendimit marksist, sipas t\u00eb cilit edhe sporti, nj\u00eblloj si feja, ishte nj\u00eb lloj opiumi i popujve, nj\u00eb faktor mendjeprish\u00ebs ndaj objektivit par\u00ebsor t\u00eb masave, q\u00ebllimit t\u00eb fundit, luft\u00ebs s\u00eb klasave. Mbizot\u00ebronte vizioni i sportit si \u201cves borgjez\u201d, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ishte e pakonceptueshme t\u00eb merrje pjes\u00eb. Edhe n\u00eb aspektin socialist kishte njer\u00ebz, si puna e drejtorit t\u00eb gazet\u00ebs socialiste \u201cAvanti!\u201d, Giacinto Serrati, q\u00eb kish sugjeruar nj\u00eb q\u00ebndrim m\u00eb fleksib\u00ebl megjith\u00ebse jomiratimi, vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr ta pranuar m\u00eb pas n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment t\u00eb dyt\u00eb si instrument t\u00eb vlefsh\u00ebm organizimi t\u00eb luft\u00ebs s\u00eb klasave. Kurse fashizmi b\u00ebri at\u00eb q\u00eb \u201cliberalizmi i vjet\u00ebr dhe vet\u00eb demokracia gjithmon\u00eb e kan\u00eb anashkaluar: ka shkuar tek populli, ka shkuar midis fshatar\u00ebve, pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve, bujq\u00ebve, klas\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme, u \u00ebsht\u00eb afruar student\u00ebve, t\u00eb rinjve, ka interpretuar nevojat e popullit, e ka edukuar politikisht dhe moralisht, e ka organizuar jo vet\u00ebm nga pik\u00ebpamja profesionale dhe ekonomike, por edhe nga perspektiva ushtarake, kulturore, edukative dhe rikreative\u201d. Fashizmi rishikoi q\u00ebndrimin e pushtetit kundrejt sportit, duke e konsideruar m\u00eb shum\u00eb instrument rigjenerimi t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb masive, n\u00eb analiz\u00eb t\u00eb fundit funksional p\u00ebr t\u00eb luftuar t\u00eb k\u00ebqaijat e koh\u00ebs (alkoolizmin, tuberkulozin, malarjen, lindshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e pak\u00ebt), simptoma t\u00eb nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebrie t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00eb, pak e v\u00ebmendshme ndaj higjen\u00ebs fizike. Si t\u00eb sigurohej konkretisht konsensusi n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet futbollit? Thelb\u00ebsore ishte t\u00eb veprohej mbi ar\u00ebsimin, i cili deri at\u00ebhere i kish kushtuar r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb pak\u00ebt praktik\u00ebs sportive.<\/p>\n

Edukimi fizik u b\u00eb tani i detyruesh\u00ebm n\u00eb \u00e7do rend studimesh dhe u investua n\u00eb formimin e m\u00ebsuesve m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur (n\u00eb vitin 1928 lindi n\u00eb Rom\u00eb instituti i par\u00eb mashkullor u edukimit sportiv, i cili i nxirrte nx\u00ebn\u00ebsit e tij pas nj\u00eb seleksionimi t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga prova fizike dhe, natyrisht, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsia n\u00eb parti). Prototip i k\u00ebsaj figure t\u00eb rinovuar t\u00eb instruktorit qe Vittorio Pozzo, trajiner i Komb\u00ebtares italiane, asaj fituese t\u00eb Bot\u00ebrorit t\u00eb vitit 1934. Megjith\u00ebse e kish mohuar shum\u00eb her\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e teknikave t\u00eb bindjes psikologjike, Pozzo p\u00ebrdorte imazhe nacionaliste dhe aludime ndaj teknikave t\u00eb luftimit p\u00ebr t\u00eb n\u00ebnvizuar rolin e lojtar\u00ebve si p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb kombit dhe t\u00eb regjimit. Vet\u00eb ai kish th\u00ebn\u00eb se \u201cfaktori psikologjik \u00ebsht\u00eb themelor p\u00ebr italian\u00ebt. \u00cbsht\u00eb e domosdoshme q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb motivuar\u2026 \u201c. P\u00ebrve\u00e7se nj\u00eb aktivitet kreativ dhe i sh\u00ebndosh\u00eb, futbolli p\u00ebr fashizmin p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte nj\u00eb rast t\u00eb bukur e t\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mobilizuar miliona njer\u00ebz, p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar dhe drejtuar pasionet e brezave, duke i organizuar dhe duke i edukuar me vlerat e predikuara nga hierarkia.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebshtu, qe e qart\u00eb qysh nga fillimi se futbolli nuk mund t\u2019i shp\u00ebtonte influenc\u00ebs s\u00eb politik\u00ebs, me t\u00eb gjitha pasojat e d\u00ebmshme q\u00eb kjo solli, paras\u00ebgjithave ringjalljen dhe modelimin e nj\u00eb lokalizmi tejet italian, q\u00eb shpesh u shty nga e pabesueshmja. Aspekte t\u00eb mir\u00ebevidentuara nga Martin, i cili nuk kufizohet n\u00eb citime t\u00eb thjeshta, por n\u00eb nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb t\u00eb holl\u00ebsishme t\u00eb p\u00ebrplasjeve midis fraksioneve n\u00eb rastin e takimit Genoa \u2013 Bolonja t\u00eb zhvilluar n\u00eb Torino n\u00eb vitin 1925. Ajo q\u00eb ia leht\u00ebson detyr\u00ebn hierarkis\u00eb fashiste n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb tentativ\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb ndjenj\u00eb identiteti kolektiv duke evokuar vlerat e antikitetit romak ishte rrethana q\u00eb futbolli tashm\u00eb praktikohej. K\u00ebshtu, b\u00ebhej fjal\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr ta krijuar, p\u00ebr ta riorganizuar k\u00ebt\u00eb sport mbi premisa t\u00eb reja.<\/p>\n

Dometh\u00ebn\u00eb, n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb abrogoheshin shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb e vjetra \u201cfutbollistike\u201d ekzistuese, ato u ristrukturuan duke imponuar shpirtin e disiplin\u00ebs q\u00eb karakterizonte shpirtin fashist dhe duke forcuar aspektet m\u00eb teknike dhe politike. K\u00ebshtu futbollist\u00ebt zgjidheshin dhe seleksionoheshin pik\u00ebrisht pse p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonin n\u00eb m\u00ebnr\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb idealin e \u201cnjeriut t\u00eb ri\u201d q\u00eb fashizmi predikonte andek k\u00ebtej gjat\u00eb tyre viteve: atleti n\u00eb fush\u00eb ishte metafora e ushtarit n\u00eb betej\u00eb, i cili sakrifikon p\u00ebr nderin dhe lavdin\u00eb e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb skuadr\u00ebs. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, detyra e atletit ishte q\u00eb ta p\u00ebr\u00e7onte emrin e Italis\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet arm\u00ebs s\u00eb vetme q\u00eb ishte n\u00eb pushtetin e tij: fitores. K\u00ebshtu futbollist\u00ebt b\u00ebheshin shembullor\u00eb p\u00ebr dy ar\u00ebsye: paraqitjen e aspektit t\u00eb tyre fizik dhe gjendjen e tyre reszistente sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore, n\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb dyt\u00eb pse funksional\u00eb ndaj nj\u00eb grupi, ndaj skuadr\u00ebs. Meritat e futbollit p\u00ebr fashist\u00ebt nuk ndaleshin k\u00ebtu: ai kontribuonte n\u00eb forcimin e ndjenj\u00ebs s\u00eb identitetit dhe t\u00eb Atdheut (\u201cFanellat italiane jan\u00eb n\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha fushat simbol aft\u00ebsie\u201d, thot\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull i 31 majit 1938 n\u00eb Gazzetta dello Sport). Lokalizmi t\u00eb cilit i vihej theksi m\u00eb sip\u00ebr nuk qe difekti i vet\u00ebm n\u00eb synimet e regjimit. Ajo q\u00eb komplikonte kuadrin dhe n\u00eb demostrim t\u00eb kontradiktave t\u00eb panum\u00ebrta me t\u00eb cilat duhej t\u00eb ndeshej sistemi fashist qe edhe e ashtuquajtura \u201c\u00e7\u00ebshtje e oriund\u00ebve\u201d, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb e atyre lojtar\u00ebve t\u00eb ardhur nga vende t\u00eb huaja, e cilia vuri n\u00ebn sporv\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb vet\u00eb themelet e diskriminimeve raciale p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat fashizmi dha prov\u00eb. Aq \u00ebsht\u00eb sa \u00e7\u00ebshtja e b\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb presuese n\u00eb vitin 1938, kur n\u00eb Itali kishin hyr\u00eb n\u00eb fuqi ligjet raciale.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb problem t\u00eb cilit fashizmi ju p\u00ebrgjigj duke ju shmangur pyetjes, me loj\u00ebn e shtet\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb dyfisht\u00eb. Sukseset italiane n\u00eb fushat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare qen\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb fryt i nj\u00eb pune t\u00eb skuadr\u00ebs t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb edhe nga lojtar\u00eb t\u00eb huaj, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht t\u00eb ardhur nga Amerika e Jugut. Kjo e eksitoi hierarkin\u00eb, e cila e vendosi v\u00ebmendjen mbi origjin\u00ebn e tyre italiane (edhe n\u00eb rastet n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat kjo ishte shum\u00eb e larg\u00ebt) dhe mbi p\u00ebrkushtimin ndaj kauz\u00ebs s\u00eb fitores duke e l\u00ebn\u00eb menjan\u00eb krenarin\u00eb komb\u00ebtare. Pati edhe nj\u00eb kontradikt\u00eb t\u00eb tret\u00eb. Vet\u00eb ai fleksibilitet q\u00eb kish mund\u00ebsuar t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbahej \u00e7\u00ebshtja e oriund\u00ebve orientoi zgjedhjet e Du\u00e7es edhe n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr r\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebs. Nevoja p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos i lidhur simpatit\u00eb dhe mb\u00ebshtetjen politike me shtresa t\u00eb gj\u00ebra t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs komb\u00ebtare i imponoi regjimit q\u00eb t\u2019u linte liri t\u00eb gjer\u00eb manovre arkitekt\u00ebve dhe inxhinier\u00ebve q\u00eb projektuan stadiumet sportive. E r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme ishte q\u00eb ata t\u00eb respektonin disa parametra t\u00eb vendosura nga lart: monumentalitetin dhe raportin e ngusht\u00eb me qytetin. Stadiumi ishte thelb\u00ebsor n\u00eb optik\u00ebn fashiste. Ndoshta pik\u00ebrisht n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet konsiderat\u00ebs s\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur, k\u00ebt\u00eb l\u00eb t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptohet Martin, t\u00eb shkohet n\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e n\u00eb rritje q\u00eb fashizmi i atribuonte futbollit. Dy prototipet e stadiumeve fashiste jan\u00eb Littoriale i Bolonj\u00ebs, i pari n\u00eb termat kohore q\u00eb pa drit\u00ebn, dhe Giovanni Berta i Firences. Edhe n\u00eb diversitetin e tyre absolut arkitektonik q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptuar vullnetin e fashizmit p\u00ebr t\u00eb evokuar rr\u00ebnj\u00ebt e Rom\u00ebs perandorale dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb vullnetin p\u00ebr t\u00eb shikuar nga e ardhmja, n\u00eb aspektet m\u00eb trasgresiv\u00eb dhe modern\u00eb t\u00eb Italis\u00eb fashiste.<\/p>\n

Littoriale i Bolonj\u00ebs i p\u00ebrket kategoris\u00eb s\u00eb par\u00eb. L\u00ebnia e hap\u00ebsirave t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb liris\u00eb individuale ishte p\u00ebr regjimin nj\u00eb fakt mbijetese, nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb afruar eksponent\u00eb t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs, arm\u00ebs m\u00eb efikase p\u00ebr t\u00eb t\u00ebrhequr shum\u00eb mendimtar\u00eb dhe artist\u00eb. \u201cNdryshe nga Hitleri, Mussolini mendonte ndryshe p\u00ebrsa i p\u00ebrket \u00e7\u00ebshtjes kulturore: kishte pak interes p\u00ebr artet dhe q\u00ebndronte jasht\u00eb debateve estetike t\u00eb epok\u00ebs\u2026 Ajo q\u00eb rezultoi q\u00eb nj\u00eb ide pakashum\u00eb e vagullt e artit fashist q\u00eb u linte artist\u00ebve dor\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb p\u00ebr zgjedhjen e argumenteve, stilit, kompozicionit, form\u00ebs\u2026 \u201c. Littorale qe d\u00ebshira e hierarkut fashist Leandro Arpinati, i cili e konceptoi pas nj\u00eb vizite n\u00eb Terme di Caracalla. Karriare e Arpinati-t, me marrjen e teser\u00ebs s\u00eb partis\u00eb, qe e vet\u00ebtimshme. I lindur n\u00eb nj\u00eb familje t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, n\u00eb rinin\u00eb e tij Arpinati kish qen\u00eb nj\u00eb anarkist i bindur, me zanat pjatalar\u00ebs dhe m\u00eb pas eletricist. Nga takimi me Mussolini-n n\u00eb vitin 1910 qe e dukshme af\u00ebrsia midis t\u00eb dyve.<\/p>\n

Ajo q\u00eb i bashkonte qe \u00ebnd\u00ebrra e nj\u00eb shoqrie t\u00eb re dhe t\u00eb ndryshme. Arpinati u b\u00eb themeluesi i fashios s\u00eb Bolonj\u00ebs dhe menj\u00ebher\u00eb maturoi bindjen q\u00eb t\u00eb mirrte n\u00eb konsiderat\u00eb mjete alternative p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar konsensusin, si kontrollin e s\u00eb p\u00ebrditshmes \u201cIl Resto del Carlino\u201d dhe themelimin e t\u00eb tjerave, si \u201cIl Littoriale\u201d dhe \u201cL\u2019assalto\u201d. Qe e tija ideja p\u00ebr t\u00eb ngritur nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri t\u00eb vetme sportive, qe ai i cili deshi q\u00eb Littoriale t\u00eb b\u00ebhej jo vet\u00ebm stadiumi m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i qytetit dhe simbol i vet\u00eb qytetit fashist, por edhe qendra e nj\u00eb zhvillimi t\u00eb ri t\u00eb Bolonj\u00ebs drejt periferis\u00eb. Faktikisht p\u00ebrreth tij u nd\u00ebrtuan spitale, aeroporti i Panigale-s, hipodromi, nj\u00eb lagje panairesh, nj\u00eb qend\u00ebr kulture dhe arti, shkolla, sht\u00ebpi. Rezultoi nj\u00eb fitim i pamatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr treg\u00ebtar\u00ebt, p\u00ebrve\u00e7se e b\u00ebri Bolonj\u00ebn nyjen kryesore hekurudhore q\u00eb lidhte veriun dhe jugun e \u00c7izmes.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, shum\u00eb shpejt Littoriale shfaqi kontradiktat e tij deri sa t\u00eb t\u00ebrhiqte urrejtjen e bolonjez\u00ebve: tejet i madh, pothuajse asnj\u00ebher\u00eb plot gjat\u00eb ndeshjeve m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Pastaj ishte problemi i transportit, i b\u00ebr\u00eb i pap\u00ebrtypsh\u00ebm dora dor\u00ebs q\u00eb qyteti zmadhohej. E ndryshme p\u00ebr disa aspekte qe p\u00ebrvoja e AC Fiorentina, nj\u00eb skuad\u00ebr q\u00eb, pavar\u00ebsisht se qyteti paraqitej si djepi i futbollit, lindi vet\u00ebm n\u00eb vitin 1926, shum\u00eb koh\u00eb pas asaj bolonjeze. B\u00ebhej fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb dat\u00eb dometh\u00ebn\u00ebse, sepse p\u00ebrkon me riorganizimin e selis\u00eb lokale t\u00eb Partis\u00eb Fashiste. Shpirti i futbollit fiorentin ishte Markezi Luigi Ridolfi, edhe Presidenti i par\u00eb i Fiorentina. Ashtu si ajo bolonjeze, edhe \u201cGiovanni Berta\u201d kishte nj\u00eb dometh\u00ebnie t\u00eb qart\u00eb politike propagandistike, p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e saj edhe element\u00ebt e Rilindjes (moral\u00eb, psikologjik\u00eb, fizic\u00eb). Qysh tek emri ishte i qart\u00eb synimi: Giovanni Berta kish qen\u00eb nj\u00eb skuadrist fashist, i p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb sulmin ndaj Bolonj\u00ebs gjat\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs u vra nj\u00eb manifestues i majt\u00eb. P\u00ebrfundoi edhe ai i vrar\u00eb gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrleshjeve. \u00cbsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, thekson Martin, q\u00eb n\u00eb syt\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb pap\u00ebrgatiturve dy stile, dy arkitektura \u2013 antike dhe moderne \u2013 mund t\u00eb duken goxha kontradiktore, megjithat\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb mohohen p\u00ebrparimet e padyshimta q\u00eb fashizmi siguroi n\u00eb transformimin e futbollit n\u00eb nj\u00eb sport popullor, i arritsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr k\u00ebdo, jo i rezervuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb elit\u00eb. E demostron prozelitizmi q\u00eb ky q\u00ebndrim b\u00ebri n\u00eb vende t\u00eb tjera: stadiume u shfaqen n\u00eb Norvegji, Finland\u00eb, Bullgari, Sllovaki dhe, natyrisht, n\u00eb Gjermani.<\/p>\n

Efikasiteti dhe v\u00ebmendja me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn qen\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar stadiumet e tregon m\u00eb tej r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb q\u00eb regjimi i atribuonte sportit, n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti futbollit: dhoma t\u00eb ndara p\u00ebr arbitrin dhe lojtar\u00ebt, hyrjhe n\u00eb tribunat drejtp\u00ebrs\u00ebdrejti nga rrug\u00ebt, shkall\u00eb q\u00eb leht\u00ebsonin lidhjet me tribunat, fuqizim t\u00eb mjeteve publike midis qytetit dhe stadiumeve. N\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb konceptuar k\u00ebshtu edhe publiku b\u00ebhej pjes\u00eb integrante e spektaklit: shkall\u00ebt e pjerrta b\u00ebnin q\u00eb tifoz\u00ebt t\u00eb mos ndaheshin kurr\u00eb nga aksioni si nga pik\u00ebpamja vizuale, ashtu dhe nga ajo e t\u00eb d\u00ebgjuarit. Dora dor\u00ebs q\u00eb futbolli rritej nga r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia p\u00ebr regjimin qe i pashmangsh\u00ebm zhvillimi i nj\u00eb burokracie efikase: shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb q\u00eb aspironin t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtoheshin duhet t\u00eb demostronin se aktiviteti i tyre do t\u2019i p\u00ebrmbahej legjislacionit fashist dhe se do t\u00eb jepnin kontributin e tyre ndaj zhvillimit t\u00eb shpirtit komb\u00ebtar. Lindi k\u00ebshtu nj\u00eb zyr\u00eb e re p\u00ebr sportin me detyr\u00ebn q\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebmbante raportet midis CONI-t dhe vet\u00eb partis\u00eb. Impenjimi shkonte nga formimi i m\u00ebsuesve, n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e impianteve sportive, n\u00eb edukimin e t\u00eb rinjve dhe t\u00eb t\u00eb rriturve me disiplin\u00ebn ushtarake dhe me g\u00ebzimin e ushtrimit fizik.me pak fjal\u00eb nj\u00eb inkuadrim produktiv t\u00eb cilin Carlo Levi e ka shpjeguar mir\u00eb\u2026 \u201csapo inkuadroheshin n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet aktivitetesh q\u00eb mbushnin koh\u00ebn e tyre t\u00eb lir\u00eb, evenimentet sportive do t\u2019i mbanin larg nga problemet n\u00eb rritje sociale, politike dhe ekonomike. (\u2026) n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi t\u00eb organizatave sportive atyre do t\u2019u b\u00ebhej nj\u00eb indoktrinim i thjesht\u00eb dhe i ar\u00ebsyesh\u00ebm, i pajisur me nocione t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs fashiste, valvola shfryrjeje nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb dhe sistem kontrolli nga ana tjet\u00ebr\u201d. Burokratizimi i futbollit u b\u00eb m\u00eb i rrept\u00eb dora dor\u00ebs q\u00eb sporti b\u00ebnte prozelit\u00eb, duke t\u00ebrhequr nga vetja miliona tifoz\u00eb.<\/p>\n

At\u00ebhere shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb filluan t\u00eb financojn\u00eb tifozerit\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mund ta ndiqnin skuadr\u00ebn e zemr\u00ebs n\u00eb ndeshjet jasht\u00eb. Me pak fjal\u00eb, futbolli ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb element konstant i jet\u00ebs s\u00eb \u00e7do italiani, ushqente t\u00eb dielat e tij deri n\u00eb pik\u00ebn se nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet sesa njer\u00ebzit aderonin tek fashizmi nga bindja dhe sa n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet futbollit, duke par\u00eb q\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarrja \u2013 si n\u00eb cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e aktorit protagonist\/lojtarit, ashtu dhe t\u00eb spektatorit \u2013 mund t\u00eb konsiderohet i vet\u00ebm element konsensusi apo jo dhe n\u00eb pik\u00ebn sa t\u00eb v\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb dyshim kontributin e tij n\u00eb krijimin e nj\u00eb identiteti kolektiv, duke par\u00eb se n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u2019i zvog\u00eblonte, i theksonte rivalitetet lokale, sidomos n\u00eb rast kompeticionesh komb\u00ebtare. Pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb frenuar nj\u00eb situat\u00eb q\u00eb po dilte jasht\u00eb kontrollit, hierarkia fashiste imponoi n\u00eb vitin 1926 Kart\u00ebn e Viareggio-s, e cila ia referoi drejtp\u00ebrs\u00ebdrejti Du\u00e7es drejtimin e federatave futbollistike. Nuk qe pasoja e vetme: mes t\u00eb tjerave ndalimi i lojtar\u00ebve t\u00eb huaj n\u00eb favor t\u00eb atyre italian\u00eb t\u00eb bler\u00eb nga skuadrat jugore. N\u00eb analiz\u00eb t\u00eb fundit, rezultoi i minuar shpirti i loj\u00ebs: kur luanin jasht\u00eb vendit, sukadrat italiane shikoheshin si simbol i ideologjis\u00eb fashiste dhe t\u00eb privuara nga identiteti i tyre qytetar. Kur fashizmi fitoi antipatit\u00eb e vendeve t\u00eb huaja, mund t\u00eb imagjinohen pasojat q\u00eb pat\u00ebn ato n\u00eb aspektin sportiv. Kulmi i k\u00ebsaj politike t\u00eb konsensusit qen\u00eb kampionatet dhe, sidomos, Bot\u00ebror\u00ebt dhe Olimpiadat.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb bangoprov\u00eb e par\u00eb e p\u00ebrparimeve q\u00eb kish arritur futbolli italian brenda pak vjet\u00ebsh q\u00eb Olimpiada e Amsterdamit e vitit 1928, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn Italia e humbi me rezultat t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb kund\u00ebr Uruguajit. Megjithat\u00eb, askush nuk mund t\u2019i vinte n\u00eb dyshin sukseset e arritura nga Komb\u00ebtarja. Por Mussolini deshi m\u00eb shum\u00eb, si\u00e7 e demostron deytra e dh\u00ebn\u00eb Lando Ferretti p\u00ebr t\u00eb riogranizuar CONI-n, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb organ q\u00eb i p\u00ebrgjigjej drejtp\u00ebrs\u00ebdrejti partis\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu vitet q\u00eb i paraprin\u00eb Olimpiad\u00ebs s\u00eb Los Angeles t\u00eb vitit 1932 qen\u00eb vite p\u00ebrgatitjeje t\u00eb madhe, gjat\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebve atlet\u00ebt konsideroheshin pasuri e kombit, ambasador\u00eb t\u00eb Italis\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb. Olimpiada u mbyll me nj\u00eb list\u00eb suksesesh t\u00eb respektueshme p\u00ebr Italin\u00eb, e vendosur n\u00eb vendin e dyt\u00eb n\u00eb list\u00ebn e medaljeve nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Atlet\u00ebt u prit\u00ebn drejtp\u00ebrs\u00ebdrejti nga Du\u00e7ja dhe m\u00eb pas n\u00eb Milano nga Arpinati, i cili u dor\u00ebzoi atyre \u201cMedaljen e \u00c7elikt\u00eb\u201d, mir\u00ebnjohjen m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb nivel komb\u00ebtar.<\/p>\n

Bot\u00ebrori i vitit 1934, i zhvilluar n\u00eb Itali, qe pastaj nj\u00eb rast i m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u2019i treguar bot\u00ebs p\u00ebrparimet dhe fuqin\u00eb e futbollit italian, por edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shfaqur gam\u00ebn e t\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb aft\u00ebsive t\u00eb regjimit, duke e organizuar n\u00eb p\u00ebrsosm\u00ebri evenimentin. Qe me k\u00ebt\u00eb rast q\u00eb lindi nj\u00eb e ardhur e t\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb v\u00ebrtitej rreth organizimit t\u00eb gar\u00ebs prestigjioze: trena speciale me \u00e7mime t\u00eb reduktuara deri n\u00eb 70 p\u00ebrqind, pulla t\u00eb emetuara p\u00ebr rastin n\u00eb fjal\u00eb dhe bileta p\u00ebr stadium t\u00eb stampuara me nj\u00eb let\u00ebr t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb q\u00eb mund\u00ebsonte t\u2019i ruaje su suvenir, nj\u00eb turm\u00eb gazetar\u00ebsh, t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur si\u00e7 duhet, n\u00eb ndjekje t\u00eb komb\u00ebtareve t\u00eb ndryshme. deri dhe nj\u00eb fushata publicitare e organizuar apostafat p\u00ebr Bot\u00ebrorin. Apogjeu i k\u00ebsaj makine organizative qe festa p\u00ebr fitoren finale, e luajtur n\u00eb stadiumin Olimpico p\u00ebrpara 50 mij\u00eb shikuesve, t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur t\u00eb k\u00ebndonin himne fashiste, duke shpalosur shamira mbi t\u00eb cilat ishte shkrojtur emri i Du\u00e7es. Nj\u00eb ovacion n\u00eb kuptimin e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs me rastin e t\u00eb cilit u p\u00ebrkujtuan atlet\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs t\u00eb r\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb atdheut.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mussolini t\u00ebrhoqi nga vetja sektor\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs e t\u00eb arg\u00ebtimit si instrumenta p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar fytyr\u00ebn e re t\u00eb kombit dhe t\u00eb identitetit t\u00eb vendit Italian\u00ebt popull tifoz\u00ebsh, futbolli sporti komb\u00ebtar m\u00eb i dashur. Raporti i privilegjuar i Vendit t\u00eb Bukur me topin konsolidohet gjat\u00eb Nj\u00ebzetvje\u00e7arit fashist. \u00cbsht\u00eb e njohur se duke filluar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7310,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nFASHIZMI \/ Rr\u00ebfim p\u00ebr ideologjin\u00eb q\u00eb hipnotizoi Italin\u00eb - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=7309\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sq_AL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FASHIZMI \/ Rr\u00ebfim p\u00ebr ideologjin\u00eb q\u00eb hipnotizoi Italin\u00eb - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mussolini t\u00ebrhoqi nga vetja sektor\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs e t\u00eb arg\u00ebtimit si instrumenta p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar fytyr\u00ebn e re t\u00eb kombit dhe t\u00eb identitetit t\u00eb vendit Italian\u00ebt popull tifoz\u00ebsh, futbolli sporti komb\u00ebtar m\u00eb i dashur. 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