Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e pazakont\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebgjosh n\u00eb politik\u00eb termin \u201cgjueti shtrigash\u201d, m\u00eb s\u00eb fundmi i p\u00ebrdorur shum\u00eb nga presidenti amerikan Donald Trump, q\u00eb e p\u00ebrdor kur ankohet p\u00ebr hetimin ndaj tij, t\u00eb prokurorit special Robert Myler. Po si lidhet kuptimi modern i saj, me ngjarjet historike nga t\u00eb cilat \u00ebsht\u00eb frym\u00ebzuar? Ja cilat jan\u00eb 5 mitet m\u00eb t\u00eb zakonshme mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb dukuri.<\/p>\n
Miti nr.1: Shumica e gjuetis\u00eb s\u00eb shtrigave, ndodhi n\u00eb Nju England e shekullit XVII-t\u00eb<\/p>\n
Gjat\u00eb panikut mbi shtrigat t\u00eb viteve 1692-1693, n\u00eb Salem dhe rrethinat e tij n\u00eb Masa\u00e7usets, SHBA, 14 gra dhe 5 burra u ekzekutuan me varje n\u00eb litar nga autoritetet koloniale. P\u00ebr shkak se k\u00ebto ngjarje jan\u00eb rishfaqur shpesh n\u00eb teat\u00ebr, kinematogrfi dhe vepra arti, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e habitshme q\u00eb k\u00ebto \u201cgjueti shtrigash\u201d, jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb njohura p\u00ebr publikun amerikan.<\/p>\n
Por, nga nj\u00eb perspektiv\u00eb evropiane, ngjarjet n\u00eb Salem ishin nj\u00eb episod relativisht periferik n\u00eb historin\u00eb e gjat\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrndjekjes s\u00eb shtrigave. N\u00eb fakt, studiuesit vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb se q\u00eb nga shekulli i XV-t\u00eb deri n\u00eb shekullin XVIII-t\u00eb, rreth 60.000 evropian\u00eb u ekzekutuan, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb dyshimeve se ishin shtriga ose shtrigan\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb nga mij\u00ebra shembuj ndodhi n\u00eb famullin\u00eb e Mohras n\u00eb Suedi, rreth 23 vjet para ngjarjeve t\u00eb Salemit, kur 16 njer\u00ebzve i`u pre koka, nd\u00ebrsa trupi i`u dogj n\u00eb turr\u00ebn e druve. D\u00ebnimi i marr\u00eb nga nj\u00eb komision hetimor mbret\u00ebror, u bazua kryesisht n\u00eb d\u00ebshmin\u00eb e qindra f\u00ebmij\u00ebve vendas. Teologu i Nju Ingl\u00ebnd, Koton Mater p\u00ebrmendi \u201cblasfemin\u00eb e tmerrshme\u201d t\u00eb ndodhur n\u00eb \u201cMohra n\u00eb Suedi\u201d, nga \u201cdjajt\u00eb me ndihm\u00ebn e magjistar\u00ebve\u201d, n\u00eb disa prej veprave t\u00eb tij, nj\u00eb fakt q\u00eb me siguri ka luajtur nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb form\u00ebsimin e ngjarjeve n\u00eb Salem.<\/p>\n
Miti nr. 2: P\u00ebrndjekjet e shtrigave evropiane, ndodh\u00ebn gjat\u00eb Epok\u00ebs s\u00eb Err\u00ebt<\/p>\n
Deri n\u00eb mesin e viteve 1970, shumica e studiuesve besonin n\u00eb mitin e Sabatit t\u00eb Shtrigave, ky mit ishte thelb\u00ebsor n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e histerive rreth shtrigave, q\u00eb lindi fillimisht n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn mesjetare, m\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht gjat\u00eb shekullit XIV-t\u00eb. Transkriptimet e dokumenteve q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb premis\u00eb, p\u00ebrshkruanin gjyqe t\u00eb shumta t\u00eb ndodhura n\u00eb Tuluz\u00eb t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs n\u00eb vitet 1335- 1350.<\/p>\n
Por n\u00eb vitin 1975, studiuesi Norman Kun tregoi se k\u00ebto dokumente nuk ishin origjinale. P\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebrshkrimi i gjyqeve t\u00eb Tuluz\u00ebs, p\u00ebrfshin disa pasakt\u00ebsi historike, dhe dokumentet origjinale nuk jan\u00eb gjetur kurr\u00eb.<\/p>\n
N\u00ebse dikush shp\u00ebrfill sh\u00ebnime t\u00eb tilla t\u00eb dyshimta, nuk ka asnj\u00eb d\u00ebshmi se persekutimet e shtrigave n\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, t\u00eb ken\u00eb ndodhur gjat\u00eb Epok\u00ebs s\u00eb Err\u00ebt. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, dukuria e par\u00eb duket se \u00ebsht\u00eb shfaqur gjat\u00eb Rilindjes, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn historian\u00ebt e p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb zakonisht si fillimi i epok\u00ebs moderne.<\/p>\n
Miti nr.3: Gjuetia e shtrigave, u mb\u00ebshtet kryesisht n\u00eb d\u00ebshmit\u00eb e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve<\/p>\n
N\u00eb Nju Ingl\u00ebndin, Suedin\u00eb dhe krahinat baske t\u00eb Spanj\u00ebs t\u00eb shekullit XVII-t\u00eb, f\u00ebmij\u00ebt ishin burimet m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, p\u00ebr akuzat kund\u00ebr shtrigave t\u00eb supozuara. D\u00ebshmit\u00eb nga Suedia e shekullit XVII-t\u00eb, p\u00ebrputhen me studimin psikologjik modern, sipas t\u00eb cilit f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e mosh\u00ebs parashkollore, jan\u00eb n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti m\u00eb t\u00eb preksh\u00ebm ndaj sugjestioneve dhe ndikimit nga intervistuesit, se sa f\u00ebmij\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb rritur.<\/p>\n
Por, kur ekspert\u00ebt n\u00eb psikiatri dhe pediatri, si profesor\u00ebt Suzan Fridman dhe Endrju Haui, e v\u00ebn\u00eb theksin tek p\u00ebrdorimi i d\u00ebshmitar\u00ebve f\u00ebmij\u00eb, gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrndjekjeve t\u00eb shtrigave, ata l\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb hije faktin se f\u00ebmij\u00ebt ishin nxit\u00ebsit kryesor, t\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindjeje t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb panikut nga shtrigat.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb fakt, n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rasteve, shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr d\u00ebshmi vinin nga t\u00eb rriturit, dhe siguroheshin me an\u00eb t\u00eb torturave, si\u00e7 e tregojn\u00eb raset e Brajan P.Levak dhe H.C.Erik Midelfort.<\/p>\n
Gjat\u00eb marrjes n\u00eb pyetje n\u00ebn tortura, t\u00eb dyshuarit jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb do t\u00eb pranonin me d\u00ebshir\u00eb veprat penale p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat akzoheshin, por do t\u00eb jepnin edhe shum\u00eb emra t\u00eb bashk\u00ebpun\u00ebtor\u00ebve t\u00eb supozuar.<\/p>\n
Miti nr.4: Shtrigat evropiane, ishin an\u00ebtare t\u00eb nj\u00eb kulti t\u00eb pjelloris\u00eb<\/p>\n
Ideja se shtrigat ishin an\u00ebtare t\u00eb nj\u00eb kulti t\u00eb lasht\u00eb t\u00eb pjelloris\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb theksuar vazhdimisht gjat\u00eb shekullit XIX-t\u00eb, dhe fillim shekullin e XX-t\u00eb. Propozuesi m\u00eb i shquar i k\u00ebsaj teorie, ishte egjiptologia Margaret Marrej, e cila argumentoi n\u00eb librin e saj t\u00eb vitit 1931, \u201cZoti i magjistar\u00ebve\u201d, se shtrigat ishin n\u00eb fakt pasueset e nj\u00eb feje shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr se sa Krishterimi, e cila ishte mbajtur gjall\u00eb nga nj\u00eb rac\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb qeniesh t\u00eb njohura si \u201cZanat\u201d.<\/p>\n
Megjith\u00eb ndikimin e tyre t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm, teorit\u00eb e Marrej nuk u mor\u00ebn kurr\u00eb seriozisht nga komuniteti shkencor. Arsyeja kryesore ishte se Marrej i citon burimet e saj n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb selektive dhe sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsore, p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur faktin se akuzat kund\u00ebr shtrigave thjesht nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb besueshmem, p\u00ebr t\u00eb fshehur faktin se akuzat fillestare kund\u00ebr magjis\u00eb nuk kishin baz\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Miti nr.5: Shumica e gjuetar\u00ebve t\u00eb shtrigave, ishin torturues sadist\u00eb<\/p>\n
Stereotipi i gjuetarit t\u00eb shtrigave si nj\u00eb inkuizitor mizor, q\u00eb ekzekuton q\u00ebllimisht njer\u00ebz t\u00eb pafajsh\u00ebm, \u00ebsht\u00eb dominues n\u00eb let\u00ebrsi, filma dhe vepra arti. Por, a \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb e gabuar t\u00eb sugjerohet, se dikush q\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorte tortur\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb hetuar kulturat e dyshuara shum\u00eb-brenzore kanibaliste, an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve mund t\u00eb fluturojn\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb realisht budalla ose i lig?<\/p>\n
Por, koncepti q\u00eb shtrigat mund t\u00eb fluturonin, ishte e pakontestuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb mesin e studiuesve, n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e persekutimeve. Njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb merreshin me gjyqet ndaj shtrigave, i qaseshin rregullisht detyrave t\u00eb tyre, me nj\u00eb q\u00ebndrim serioz dhe kritik, kjo ilustrohet nga fakti, se k\u00ebta njer\u00ebz ishin shpesh p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr dh\u00ebnien fund t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre ngjarjeve shp\u00ebrthyese.<\/p>\n
Si\u00e7 e p\u00ebrshkruan historiani Bengt Ankarlo, Paniku i Madh i Shtrigave n\u00eb Suedi gjat\u00eb viteve\u00a0 1668-1676, p\u00ebrfundoi pasi an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e nj\u00eb komisioni mbret\u00ebror n\u00eb Stokholm, vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb rishikojn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb kritike t\u00eb gjitha provat (pavar\u00ebsisht se nj\u00eb num\u00ebr magjistar\u00ebsh t\u00eb supozuar, ishin d\u00ebnuar tashm\u00eb me vdekje).<\/p>\n
Histeria Baske kund\u00ebr shtrigave e vitit 1609, shkruan Gustav Heningsen, p\u00ebrfundoi fal\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyrjes s\u00eb inkuizitorit Alonso de Salazar Frias. Ai intervistoi nga e para d\u00ebshmitar\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb akuzuarit, duke arritur n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se n\u00eb fakt nuk kishte ndodhur asnj\u00eb akt magjie.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe Washington Post\u201d \u2013 Bota.al<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e pazakont\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebgjosh n\u00eb politik\u00eb termin \u201cgjueti shtrigash\u201d, m\u00eb s\u00eb fundmi i p\u00ebrdorur shum\u00eb nga presidenti amerikan Donald Trump, q\u00eb e p\u00ebrdor kur ankohet p\u00ebr hetimin ndaj tij, t\u00eb prokurorit special Robert Myler. Po si lidhet kuptimi modern i saj, me ngjarjet historike nga t\u00eb cilat \u00ebsht\u00eb frym\u00ebzuar? Ja cilat jan\u00eb 5 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7170,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n