{"id":21887,"date":"2020-05-11T18:06:36","date_gmt":"2020-05-11T16:06:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=21887"},"modified":"2020-05-11T18:06:36","modified_gmt":"2020-05-11T16:06:36","slug":"mitologjia-e-planit-marshall","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=21887","title":{"rendered":"Mitologjia e Planit Marshall"},"content":{"rendered":"

E kot\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhen krahasime me programin q\u00eb rind\u00ebrtoi Europ\u00ebn pas Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore: Pati shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr para (dhe me fond t\u00eb humbur), t\u00eb shoq\u00ebruara nga tri akse q\u00eb revolucionarizuan sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Dhe mbi t\u00eb gjitha, askush sot n\u00eb Europ\u00eb nuk ka nd\u00ebrmend t\u00eb marr\u00eb mbi vete p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb e udh\u00ebheqjes s\u00eb tranzicionit dramatik si\u00e7 b\u00ebn\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Nga \u00e7far\u00ebdolloj ane, kur verifikohen situata emergjence, \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb zakon q\u00eb t\u2019i drejtohen k\u00ebsaj klisheje t\u00eb leksikut politik: \u00abK\u00ebtu do t\u00eb na duhej nj\u00eb Plan Marshall\u00bb. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ishte i imagjinuesh\u00ebm rekursi ndaj mitologjis\u00eb se European Recovery Program (ERP) edhe n\u00eb situat\u00ebn aktuale. Nj\u00eb parashikim i till\u00eb, n\u00eb vet\u00ebvete banal, ka tejkaluar \u00e7do pritshm\u00ebri, pasi kudo formula e planit amerikan p\u00ebrdoret me nj\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebngulje t\u00eb shlir\u00eb nga \u00e7do dometh\u00ebnie historike q\u00eb pati ai operacion.<\/p>\n

Edhe pse Gjenerali George Marshall nuk i qe as frym\u00ebzuesi, as zbatuesi, plani mori emrin e k\u00ebtij Sekretari Shteti t\u00eb administrat\u00ebs Truman, q\u00eb qe edhe organizatori i fitores aleate, por pa zbritur ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e betej\u00ebs. Me nj\u00eb diskutim t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr shum\u00eb t\u00eb cituar \u2013 edhe pse shum\u00eb pak i lexuar \u2013 t\u00eb mbajtur n\u00eb Harvard University m\u00eb 5 qershor 1947, Marshall i qe m\u00eb shum\u00eb bart\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n

Ai tekst, q\u00eb riparaqiste telajon e e idealizmit wilsonian dhe p\u00ebrmblidhte n\u00eb pak rreshta vite transformimi t\u00eb sistemit politik amerikan, \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb sinonim i \u00abnd\u00ebrhyrjes s\u00eb vendosur dhe fitimprur\u00ebse p\u00ebr momentet e kriz\u00ebs dramatike\u00bb. Si\u00e7 e sqaroi ligji q\u00eb e b\u00ebri efektiv \u2013 Economic Cooperation Act i vitit 1948 \u2013 nuk b\u00ebhej fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb plan bujarisht t\u00eb hartuar nga fituesi p\u00ebr vendet n\u00eb g\u00ebrmadha pas konfliktit t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore.<\/p>\n

Ai shp\u00ebrndahej n\u00eb tri akse t\u00eb lidhur dhe t\u00eb destinuar q\u00eb t\u00eb kishin nj\u00eb dometh\u00ebnie kushtituese p\u00ebr sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. I pari ishte riorganizimi i Per\u00ebndimit dhe rikthimi i dimensionit \u201catlantik\u201d t\u00eb nd\u00ebrvar\u00ebsis\u00eb, i hedhur n\u00eb er\u00eb me Luft\u00ebn e Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb me kolapsin e globalizimit t\u00eb par\u00eb. I dyti ishte q\u00eb t\u00eb vihej n\u00eb funksionim n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet rind\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb korrenteve t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimit motori i Grand Design rooseveltian, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb shum\u00ebsia e organizatave t\u00eb menduara gjat\u00eb luft\u00ebs n\u00eb zhvillim nga Roosevelt (nga Kombet e Bashkuara, tek Fondi Monetar N\u00ebdrkomb\u00ebtar, nga GATT-i tek Banka Bot\u00ebrore), t\u00eb cilat do t\u2019i jepnin jet\u00eb ides\u00eb s\u00eb \u201cqeveris\u00eb s\u00eb bot\u00ebs\u201d q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte sfondin e nj\u00eb sistemi nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar multilateral. I treti ishte krijimi gjeografik i nj\u00eb fushe ekonomike homogjene n\u00eb funksion antisovjetik: nj\u00eb bllok politikisht i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm i prirur q\u00eb t\u00eb luftonte at\u00eb q\u00eb po ravij\u00ebzohej si Lufta e Ftoht\u00eb dhe q\u00eb sh\u00ebnoi 40 vitet e m\u00ebpasme e jet\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare.<\/p>\n

Efektet e zbatimit t\u00eb planit qen\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me agimin e s\u00eb ashtuquajtur\u00ebs Pax Americana, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb krijimin e raporteve t\u00eb forc\u00ebs q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruanin edhe n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet\u00a0dollar standard<\/em>\u00a0dominimin hegjemonist e Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara ndaj nj\u00eb Per\u00ebndimi kufijt\u00eb e shqyera e t\u00eb cilit do t\u00eb p\u00ebrkonin me afirmimin e strukturave t\u00eb kapitalizmit demokratik. P\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb sakt\u00eb, plani krijoi premis\u00ebn e k\u00ebtij transformimi.<\/p>\n

Me regjin\u00eb e Uashingtonit, vendet e Europ\u00ebs Per\u00ebndimore \u2013 pa dallim midis humb\u00ebsve dhe t\u00eb fituarve \u2013 u ul\u00ebn n\u00eb tryez\u00ebn e Organizat\u00ebs p\u00ebr Bashk\u00ebpunimin Ekonomik Europian (OECE, pararend\u00ebsja e OCSE-s\u00eb), e lindur at\u00ebhere p\u00ebr t\u00eb riprogramuar sistemin prodhues kontinental dhe p\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb funksional ndaj optimizimit t\u00eb mallrave dhe fondeve t\u00eb v\u00ebna n\u00eb dispozicion nga Shtetet e Bahskuara. U formua aty procesi i integrimit europian, q\u00eb qysh at\u00ebhere mori nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb autonome, por ndoqi (dhe ndjek) q\u00eb t\u00eb njihet p\u00ebrreth strukturave ekonomike t\u00eb origjin\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Plani qe shum\u00eb gj\u00ebra, por vlera materiale e tij buronte thelb\u00ebsisht nga dy faktor\u00eb. Mbi t\u00eb gjitha vlera e tij \u2013 rreth 13.2 miliard dollar\u00eb, baraz me 1.1% e PBB-s\u00eb amerikane dhe me 2.7% t\u00eb t\u00eb 16 vendeve p\u00ebrfituese \u2013 financohej me parat\u00eb e qytetar\u00ebve amerikane, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt u kandis\u00ebn ta pranojn\u00eb mbi baz\u00ebn e nj\u00eb fushate tw eg\u00ebr ku n\u00ebnvizohej lidhja midis siguris\u00eb ekonomike t\u00eb Republik\u00ebs amerikane dhe asaj t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs Per\u00ebndimore.<\/p>\n

S\u00eb dyti, ai nuk p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej vet\u00ebm nga huara t\u00eb leht\u00ebsuara (ndaj shlyerjes t\u00eb s\u00eb cilave m\u00eb pas Shtetet e Bashkuara hoq\u00ebn dor\u00eb), por nga mallra dhe l\u00ebnd\u00eb t\u00eb para q\u00eb 16 vendet i p\u00ebrfituan falas dhe mund\u00ebn t\u2019i fusnin n\u00eb sistemin prodhues n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet tenderave apo alokimeve strategjike. E ardhura nga shitjet e k\u00ebtyre mallrave krijoi nj\u00eb fond t\u00eb dedikuar ndaj lan\u00e7imit t\u00eb politikave prodhuese dhe, p\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb, n\u00eb adoptimin e nj\u00eb azhurnimi t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm teknologjik respektivisht gramatik\u00ebs industriale europiane.<\/p>\n

Ky mekaniz\u00ebm fuste nj\u00eb kusht\u00ebzim t\u00eb dyfisht\u00eb p\u00ebr vendet q\u00eb e zbatuan planin. I pari prirej ndaj zhvillimin dhe modernizimit t\u00eb sistemit prodhues; i dyti, past\u00ebrtisht politik, parashikonte angazhimin e vendeve t\u00eb ERP-s\u00eb ndaj American Way of Life n\u00eb terma konsumi dhe aksesi ndaj mallrave dhe t\u00eb aderimit n\u00eb modele kushtetues liberal \u2013 demokrat\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Qe kusht\u00ebzimi implicit politik ai q\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson objektin kryesor e mosmarr\u00ebveshjes rreth planit. N\u00eb fakt, ai u prit n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb kontradiktore jo vet\u00ebm nga e Majta, por edhe nga pjes\u00eb heterogjene t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb europiane. Paras\u00ebgjithash sepse ai propozonte t\u00eb kufizonte dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebr\u00e7ante. Megjith\u00ebse formalisht i ofruar vendeve t\u00eb konstelacionit sovjetik, ekziston nj\u00eb d\u00ebshmi e gjer\u00eb dokumentare se nj\u00eb ofert\u00eb e till\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb \u00e7ik\u00eb m\u00eb pak se nj\u00eb karrem i hidhur: edhe sikur t\u00eb donte, socializmi real do t\u00eb duhej t\u2019u n\u00ebnshtrohej normave t\u00eb amerikanizimit t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptuara n\u00eb Plan.<\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eblloj elokuente q\u00eb kritikat e zjarrta, nga viti 1947 e k\u00ebtej, kund\u00ebr nj\u00eb pakti t\u00eb akuzuar se \u00ebsht\u00eb shprehja m\u00eb agresive e kapitalizmit amerikan jan\u00eb kthyer m\u00eb pas n\u00eb diagnoza t\u00eb ashpra respektivisht m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn ndihmat. Nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, kjo shpjegon se pse Plani \u00ebsht\u00eb kalimi paraprak p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar historin\u00eb e konfliktit bipolar dhe, nga ana tjet\u00ebr, sepse \u00e7do krahasim me t\u00eb tashmen \u00ebsht\u00eb i pazbatuesh\u00ebm. N\u00eb koh\u00ebn e tij, as\u00a0cold warriors<\/em>\u00a0m\u00eb t\u00eb flakt\u00eb nuk theksuan se Plani ishte frut i nj\u00eb vullneti filantropik i Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara dhe ekziston nj\u00eb konsensus i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm ndaj tez\u00ebs s\u00eb dyt\u00eb, sipas t\u00eb cil\u00ebs ai u sh\u00ebrbente destinatar\u00ebve po aq sa promotor\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Hipotezat e nj\u00eb plani p\u00ebr p\u00ebrballimin e kriz\u00ebs s\u00eb koronavirusit q\u00eb ndjek aspiratat globale e ERP-s\u00eb, p\u00ebr nga m\u00ebnyra sesi jan\u00eb parashtruar fillimisht nga Presidenti i K\u00ebshillit Europian Charles Michel e m\u00eb pas nga Presidentja e Komisionit Europian Ursula von der Leyen, p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb nj\u00eb ambicie t\u00eb privuar nga lidhjet me realitetin.<\/p>\n

Bilanci i Bashkimit Europian (rreth 1% e PBB-s\u00eb) \u2013 pasi do t\u00eb ishte Bashkimi Europian i thirrur q\u00eb t\u00eb organizoj\u00eb \u201cPlanin e ri Marshall\u201d \u2013 \u00ebsht\u00eb i pamjaftuesh\u00ebm q\u00eb ta p\u00ebrballoj\u00eb nj\u00eb program t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm si ai i periudh\u00ebs 1948 \u2013 1952 dhe nj\u00eb zvog\u00eblim i bilanceve komb\u00ebtare n\u00eb favor t\u00eb bilancit t\u00eb Bashkimit Europian n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb faz\u00eb duke nj\u00eb perspektiv\u00eb h\u00ebnore. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb do t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb nevojshme masa (dhe vizione) t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme.<\/p>\n

Ve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, ka edhe nj\u00eb penges\u00eb akoma m\u00eb t\u00eb pakalueshme se mang\u00ebsia e resurseve dhe e kontabilitetit t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm relativ q\u00eb apasionon disa politikan\u00eb strabik\u00eb nga Europa Veriore, q\u00eb ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me marrjen p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr e p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsis\u00eb politike q\u00eb do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte nj\u00eb Plan i till\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm, askush sot n\u00eb Bashkimin Europian nuk ka nd\u00ebrmend t\u00eb udh\u00ebheq\u00eb tranzicionin dramatik q\u00eb do t\u00eb hapet s\u00eb shpejti dhe do t\u00eb ishte kjo ajo p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ka nevoj\u00eb shum\u00eb. Jo p\u00ebr evokimin e ngutur e fetisheve historike.<\/p>\n

(nga\u00a0Domenica \u2013 Il Sole 24 Ore<\/em>)<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrgatiti: ARMIN TIRANA \/ bota.al<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

E kot\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhen krahasime me programin q\u00eb rind\u00ebrtoi Europ\u00ebn pas Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore: Pati shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr para (dhe me fond t\u00eb humbur), t\u00eb shoq\u00ebruara nga tri akse q\u00eb revolucionarizuan sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Dhe mbi t\u00eb gjitha, askush sot n\u00eb Europ\u00eb nuk ka nd\u00ebrmend t\u00eb marr\u00eb mbi vete p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb e udh\u00ebheqjes s\u00eb tranzicionit dramatik […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21888,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,5,20],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nMitologjia e Planit Marshall - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=21887\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sq_AL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mitologjia e Planit Marshall - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"E kot\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhen krahasime me programin q\u00eb rind\u00ebrtoi Europ\u00ebn pas Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore: Pati shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr para (dhe me fond t\u00eb humbur), t\u00eb shoq\u00ebruara nga tri akse q\u00eb revolucionarizuan sistemin nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. 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