{"id":21767,"date":"2020-05-07T11:54:53","date_gmt":"2020-05-07T09:54:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=21767"},"modified":"2020-05-07T11:54:53","modified_gmt":"2020-05-07T09:54:53","slug":"java-e-fundit-e-nazizmit-kapitullimi-me-dredheza-te-ngrira","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=21767","title":{"rendered":"Java e fundit e nazizmit: kapitullimi me dredh\u00ebza t\u00eb ngrira"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nga Enver Robelli<\/strong><\/p>\n

Para 75 vitesh p\u00ebrfundoi Lufta e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore. \u00c7far\u00eb ndodhi mes 1 dhe 8 majit 1945, dit\u00ebs kur kapitulloi Gjermania naziste? Dhe pse m\u00eb 30 prill Adolf Hitleri porositi dhjet\u00eb bidon\u00eb me benzin\u00eb? Historiani gjerman Volker Ullrich ka shkruar nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr brilant mbi tet\u00eb dit\u00ebt e fundit t\u00eb Rajhut t\u00eb Tret\u00eb.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Para 75 vitesh Gjermania ishte nj\u00eb vend i rr\u00ebnuar, nd\u00ebrsa gjerman\u00ebt nj\u00eb popull i mb\u00ebshtetur p\u00ebr muri. M\u00eb s\u00eb largu n\u00eb fund t\u00eb prillit t\u00eb vitit 1945 ishte e qart\u00eb se mposhtja e regjimit nazist t\u00eb prir\u00eb nga Adolf Hitleri ishte \u00e7\u00ebshtje dit\u00ebsh apo jav\u00ebsh. M\u00eb 8 maj 1945 Gjermania n\u00ebnshkroi kapitullimin. Por \u00e7far\u00eb ndodhi mes 1 dhe 8 majit? K\u00ebsaj jave t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb sundimit nazist historiani i njohur gjerman Volker Ullrich i ka kushtuar nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr, i cili titullohet \u201cTet\u00eb dit\u00eb n\u00eb maj\u201d (Acht Tage im Mai, botoi C. H. Beck Verlag). Ullrich \u00ebsht\u00eb autor i nj\u00eb biografie t\u00eb Adolf Hitlerit. Si gazetar shum\u00ebvje\u00e7ar i t\u00eb p\u00ebrjavshmes \u201cDie Zeit\u201d ai shquhet p\u00ebr formulime elegante dhe p\u00ebrshkrime panoramike. Kjo v\u00ebrehet edhe n\u00eb librin e tij m\u00eb t\u00eb ri mbi jav\u00ebn e fundit t\u00eb sundimit nazist \u2013 nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr brilant, ku p\u00ebrfshihen kronologji, portrete t\u00eb shkurtra protagonist\u00ebsh, citime nga ditar\u00ebt e njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb kan\u00eb p\u00ebrjetuar Luft\u00ebn e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, paraqitje t\u00eb an\u00ebve edhe m\u00eb absurde dhe brutale t\u00eb sundimit nazist.<\/p>\n

\n

M\u00eb 1 maj, mes or\u00ebs 21:00 dhe 22:25, radioja gjermane paralajm\u00ebroi tri her\u00eb nj\u00eb lajm t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Pas muzik\u00ebs klasike t\u00eb Richard Wagnerit dhe Anton Brucknerit u d\u00ebgjua z\u00ebri i nj\u00eb fol\u00ebsi: \u201cNga shtabi i fyrerit (F\u00fchrer) njoftohet se fyreri yn\u00eb, Adolf Hitleri, sot pasdite u flijua p\u00ebr Gjermanin\u00eb n\u00eb komand\u00ebn e tij duke luftuar deri n\u00eb frym\u00ebn e fundit kund\u00ebr bolshevizmit\u201d. Radioja po ashtu njoftoi se Hitleri e kishte caktuar p\u00ebr pasardh\u00ebs admiralin Karl D\u00f6nitz. Sa i p\u00ebrket rrethanave dhe koh\u00ebs s\u00eb vdekjes opinioni gjerman ishte dezinformuar q\u00ebllimisht. Hitleri kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb vet\u00ebvrasje nj\u00eb dit\u00eb m\u00eb her\u00ebt, m\u00eb 30 prill. At\u00eb dit\u00eb ai kishte urdh\u00ebruar vart\u00ebsit e tij q\u00eb t\u00eb sigurojn\u00eb dhjet\u00eb bidon\u00eb me benzin\u00eb. Hitleri dhe gruaja e tij Eva Braun, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn diktatori e kishte martuar nat\u00ebn mes 28 dhe 29 prillit 1945 n\u00eb shenj\u00eb fal\u00ebnderimi p\u00ebr lojalitetin e saj, b\u00ebn\u00eb vet\u00ebvrasje n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs t\u00eb Hitlerit. Pastaj kufomat e tyre u dogj\u00ebn n\u00eb kopshtin e selis\u00eb s\u00eb Hitlerit. \u00c7far\u00eb mbeti nga trupat e tyre, u hodh n\u00eb nj\u00eb grop\u00eb n\u00eb kopsht.<\/p>\n

Armata e Kuqe sovjetike tashm\u00eb i ishte afruar friksh\u00ebm Berlinit. Hitleri e dinte se nuk mund t\u00eb priste m\u00ebshir\u00eb nga rus\u00ebt. Ushtria naziste kishte sulmuar Bashkimin Sovjetik dhe kishte vrar\u00eb e plagosur miliona civil\u00eb e ushtar\u00eb rus\u00eb. Para se t\u00eb vriste veten Hitleri e luti adjutantin e tij q\u00eb t\u00eb betohet se do t\u2019ia djeg\u00eb kufom\u00ebn. Satrapi gjerman donte me \u00e7do kusht t\u2019ua b\u00ebnte t\u00eb pamundur rus\u00ebve q\u00eb kufom\u00ebn e tij ta ekspozonin n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb. Po ashtu Hitleri mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb frik\u00ebsuar se do t\u00eb p\u00ebsonte t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin fat si Benito Mussolini, i cili ishte arrestuar n\u00eb fund t\u00eb prillit 1945 nga partizan\u00ebt italian\u00eb dhe ishte vrar\u00eb. Kufoma e tij dhe e t\u00eb dashur\u00ebs s\u00eb tij u var\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb karburanti n\u00eb Milano.<\/p>\n

Historiani Volker Ullrich thekson q\u00eb n\u00eb hyrje se datat 1 deri 8 maj p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb korniz\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa ngjarjet q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruan lidhen me koh\u00ebn para 1 majit dhe me t\u00eb ardhmen pas 8 majit. Pas pushtimit t\u00eb Berlinit dhe vendosjes s\u00eb flamurit sovjetik mbi Reichstag, n\u00eb kryeqytetin gjerman filloi nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb e tmerrit. Ushtar\u00ebt sovjetik\u00eb dhunuan mij\u00ebra gra, pla\u00e7kit\u00ebn \u00e7far\u00eb gjet\u00ebn, mbret\u00ebronte nj\u00eb lakmi e madhe sidomos p\u00ebr or\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Pasardh\u00ebsi i caktuar nga Hitleri, admirali Karl D\u00f6nitz, vendosi q\u00eb selia e qeveris\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb Flensburg n\u00eb Gjermanin\u00eb veriore. Si Hitleri edhe D\u00f6nitz e dinte se rus\u00ebt do t\u00eb godasin pam\u00ebshirsh\u00ebm, andaj D\u00f6nitz u p\u00ebrpoq t\u00eb arrij\u00eb nj\u00eb arm\u00ebpushim t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb me trupat amerikane, britanike dhe franceze, t\u00eb cilat po dep\u00ebrtonin nga per\u00ebndimi. Q\u00ebllimi ishte q\u00eb k\u00ebshtu t\u00eb futej nj\u00eb pyk\u00eb mes k\u00ebtyre shteteve dhe Bashkimit Sovjetik dhe \u2013 rrjedhimisht \u2013 t\u00eb mund\u00ebsohej ikja e sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb civil\u00ebve dhe ushtar\u00ebve gjerman\u00eb nga Europa Lindore n\u00eb territoret gjermane t\u00eb kontrolluara nga fuqit\u00eb per\u00ebndimore. Qindra-mij\u00ebra gjerman\u00eb arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb shp\u00ebtojn\u00eb nga rus\u00ebt, por gjenerali amerikan Dwight Eisenhower nuk pranoi t\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruaj\u00eb nj\u00eb arm\u00ebpushim me nazist\u00ebt duke p\u00ebrjashtuar sovjetik\u00ebt. Kapitullimi u n\u00ebnshkrua n\u00eb Reims n\u00eb verilindje t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs (n\u00eb nat\u00ebn mes 6 dhe 7 majit), por p\u00ebr Stalinin ishte me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi q\u00eb ceremonia e kapitullimit t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb t\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruhet edhe n\u00eb Berlin, n\u00eb kryeqytet. Aleat\u00ebt l\u00ebshuan pe dhe e p\u00ebrs\u00ebrit\u00ebn ceremonin\u00eb s\u00ebrish (n\u00eb nat\u00ebn mes 8 dhe 9 majit). Ceremonia u mbajt n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00ebn e nj\u00eb shkolle ushtarake t\u00eb Berlinit (Pionierschule n\u00eb Karlshorst). Aleat\u00ebt per\u00ebndimor\u00eb si p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb tyre d\u00ebrguan mareshalin britanik t\u00eb forcave ajrore Arthur Tedder, gjeneralin amerikan Carl Spaatz dhe gjeneralin francez Jean de Lattre de Tassigny. Nga pala gjermane mor\u00ebn pjes\u00eb: mareshali Wilhelm Keitel, shefi i komand\u00ebs s\u00eb Vehrmahtit (Wermacht, ushtria gjermane), gjeneral admirali Hans-Georg von Friedeburg (p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr marin\u00ebn) dhe gjeneral koloneli Hans-J\u00fcrgen Stumpff (p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr forcat ajrore). Pak para ceremonis\u00eb gjenerali Keitel i tha nj\u00eb oficeri sovjetik se ishte tronditur kur kishte par\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrimin e Berlinit, por oficeri sovjetik ia ktheu: \u201cA nuk keni qen\u00eb ju, zoti mareshal, i tronditur kur me urdh\u00ebr tuajin u b\u00ebn\u00eb rrafsh me tok\u00eb mij\u00ebra qytete dhe fshatra sovjetike, vende n\u00ebn rr\u00ebnojat e t\u00eb cilave gjet\u00ebn vdekjen miliona bashk\u00ebkomb\u00ebs tan\u00eb, mes tyre dhjet\u00ebra-mij\u00ebra f\u00ebmij\u00eb?\u201d Pak pas mesnat\u00ebs krer\u00ebt nazist\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruan kapitullimin dhe gjenerali sovjetik Georgi Shukov i urdh\u00ebroi ata t\u00eb braktisin sall\u00ebn. Nd\u00ebrsa fitimtar\u00ebt po festonin me vodk\u00eb dhe shampanj\u00eb dhe po shijonin ushqimin, delegacioni gjerman u d\u00ebrgua n\u00eb nj\u00eb vil\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl. Por pala sovjetike nuk i kishte harruar gjerman\u00ebt. Atyre iu servua po ashtu nj\u00eb dark\u00eb e shijshme. M\u00eb von\u00eb, kur gjendej n\u00eb burgun e N\u00fcrnbergut, gjenerali Keitel shkroi se si desert rus\u00ebt u kishin shtruar edhe dredh\u00ebza t\u00eb ngrira, por t\u00eb fresk\u00ebta.<\/p>\n

Dredh\u00ebzat e fresk\u00ebta \u2013 ky nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb detaji i vet\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kronik\u00eb t\u00eb historianit Volker Ullrich. Paraditen e 7 majit t\u00eb vitit 1945 lejt\u00ebnanti britanik Arnold Horwell, i cili sapo kishte marr\u00eb kontrollin mbi kampin nazist t\u00eb shfarosjes Bergen-Belsen, takoi nj\u00eb vizitore t\u00eb papritur. Ajo u prezantua si \u201cCaptain Dieterich\u201d dhe tha se po e k\u00ebrkonte motr\u00ebn e saj Liesel. Horwell pas pak e kuptoi se kush gjendej para tij: ishte Marlene Dietrich, aktorja gjermane q\u00eb ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb yll n\u00eb Hollywood dhe nuk kishte pranuar t\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb Gjermani n\u00ebn nazist\u00ebt. Ishte kthyer tani \u2013 si pjes\u00ebtare e forcave ushtarake amerikane. N\u00eb Bergen-Belsen nazist\u00ebt vran\u00eb mij\u00ebra njer\u00ebz, mes tyre edhe Ana Frankun dhe motr\u00ebn e saj Margot. N\u00eb Bergen-Belsen Marlene Dietrich takoi motr\u00ebn e saj Liesel (emri i plot\u00eb: Elisabeth Will), por aktorja u neverit kur kuptoi se Liesel nuk kishte q\u00ebndruar n\u00eb kamp si viktim\u00eb: ajo bashk\u00eb me burrin e saj mbante nj\u00eb kinema p\u00ebr arg\u00ebtimin e ushtar\u00ebve nazist\u00eb. Marlene Dietrich e luti Liesel q\u00eb kurr\u00eb t\u00eb mos tregoj\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb motra e aktores s\u00eb madhe. Dietrich turp\u00ebrohej p\u00ebr rolin e motr\u00ebs s\u00eb saj.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb librin e tij Volker Ullrich p\u00ebrmend edhe Klaus dhe Erika Mann, dy f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e shkrimtarit nobelist gjerman Thomas Mann, i cili jetonte n\u00eb ekzil n\u00eb SHBA. Klaus Mann ishte pjes\u00ebtar i ushtris\u00eb amerikane, Erika Mann raportonte p\u00ebr mediat amerikane. N\u00eb M\u00fcnchen Klaus Mann m\u00ebsoi se n\u00eb vil\u00ebn e t\u00eb atit, q\u00eb ishte konfiskuar nga nazist\u00ebt n\u00eb vitet 1930-t\u00eb, ushtar\u00ebt nazist\u00eb kishin ngjizur f\u00ebmij\u00eb t\u00eb rac\u00ebs ariane. N\u00eb nj\u00eb let\u00ebr d\u00ebrguar m\u00eb 16 maj 1945 Klaus Mann e porosiste t\u00eb atin q\u00eb t\u00eb mos kthehej n\u00eb Gjermani, sepse ky komb i \u201cmjer\u00eb dhe i tmerrsh\u00ebm\u201d me gjenerata t\u00eb t\u00ebra do t\u00eb mbes\u00eb sakat. Erika Mann ishte e vetmja grua q\u00eb u lejua t\u00eb vizitoj\u00eb 52 udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit nazist\u00eb (\u201cBig 52\u201d), t\u00eb cil\u00ebt forcat aleate i kishin futur n\u00eb burg n\u00eb kampin \u201cAshcan\u201d n\u00eb Luxemburg. K\u00ebtu gjendeshin edhe nazist\u00ebt prominent\u00eb si Hermann G\u00f6ring dhe Karl D\u00f6nitz. Pak para vet\u00ebvrasjes Hitleri kishte vendosur ta caktoj\u00eb si pasardh\u00ebs admiralin D\u00f6nitz dhe jo Hermann G\u00f6ringun, si\u00e7 pritej. Tani k\u00ebta dy, ndon\u00ebse t\u00eb burgosur, shtyheshin se cili ishte shefi i madh, se cili kishte p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb hyr\u00eb n\u00eb sall\u00ebn e ushqimit dhe cili duhej t\u00eb ulej n\u00eb krye t\u00eb tavolin\u00ebs. Nj\u00eb situat\u00eb absurde. D\u00f6nitz dhe G\u00f6ring nuk u mor\u00ebn vesh, por kjo nuk ishte aq e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, sepse shumica e krer\u00ebve nazist\u00eb s\u00eb shpejti do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundonin para gjyqit n\u00eb N\u00fcrnberg, ku disa do d\u00ebnoheshin me vdekje, t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt me burg.<\/p>\n

Volker Ullrich p\u00ebrshkruan me ton kritik sjelljen e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb gjermane pas pushtimit nga forcat aleate. Befas askush nuk pranonte se ka ditur \u00e7far\u00eb kan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nazist\u00ebt (\u201cNuk kemi ditur gj\u00eb\u201d, ishte nj\u00ebra nd\u00ebr fjalit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb shpeshta), befas shum\u00eb gjerman\u00eb thoshin se u kan\u00eb ndihmuar hebrenjve, u kan\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb buk\u00eb etj. \u201cNuk kemi ditur gj\u00eb\u201d \u2013 kjo fjali, sipas nj\u00eb gazetareje amerikane t\u00eb asaj kohe, ting\u00ebllonte si nj\u00eb \u201cmelodi nacionale gjermane\u201d. Nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb pushtimi nga aleat\u00ebt u perceptua si posht\u00ebrim i kombit gjerman, madje k\u00ebt\u00eb nuk e thoshin vet\u00ebm ish-nazist\u00ebt, por edhe \u201cgjerman\u00ebt e r\u00ebndomt\u00eb\u201d. Tek n\u00eb vitin 1985 presidenti Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker n\u00eb fjalimin e famsh\u00ebm n\u00eb Bundestag tha se 8 maji i vitit 1945 ka qen\u00eb edhe dit\u00eb e \u00e7lirimit t\u00eb gjerman\u00ebve nga barbaria naziste, e cila p\u00ebrmes makineris\u00eb industriale t\u00eb vrasjes shfarosi pothuaj plot\u00ebsisht komunitetin hebraik n\u00eb Gjermani, i cili p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb elit\u00ebs gjermane.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 10 maj 1945 shkrimtari Thomas Mann iu drejtua gjerman\u00ebve p\u00ebrmes radios nga Kalifornia e larg\u00ebt: \u201cKjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb or\u00eb e madhe \u2013 jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr bot\u00ebn ngadh\u00ebnjimtare -, por edhe p\u00ebr Gjermanin\u00eb \u2013 nj\u00eb or\u00eb kur ku\u00e7edra u mposht, ai p\u00ebrbind\u00ebsh i shkret\u00eb dhe i s\u00ebmur\u00eb, i quajtur nacionalsocializ\u00ebm, i cili po ngordh dhe Gjermania s\u00eb paku \u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7liruar nga mallkimi q\u00eb t\u00eb quhet vendi i Hitlerit. N\u00ebse do t\u00eb ishte \u00e7liruar vet\u00eb, m\u00eb her\u00ebt, kur kishte koh\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, ose edhe von\u00eb, n\u00eb \u00e7astin e fundit; n\u00ebse me ushtim\u00ebn e kambanave dhe muzik\u00ebn e Beethovenit do t\u00eb kishte kremtuar \u00e7lirimin e vet, kthimin n\u00eb mesin e njer\u00ebzimit, n\u00eb vend se tani fundi i hitlerizmit t\u00eb jet\u00eb edhe shkat\u00ebrrim total i Gjermanis\u00eb, – natyrisht kjo do t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb mir\u00eb, kjo do t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb e d\u00ebshirueshmja\u201d.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb e d\u00ebshirueshmja: u arrit, megjithat\u00eb. Ndon\u00ebse ndarja e Gjermanis\u00eb nuk u evitua dot, fal\u00eb p\u00ebrkrahjes s\u00eb aleat\u00ebve per\u00ebndimor\u00eb, e sidomos amerikan\u00ebve, Gjermania per\u00ebndimore u b\u00eb shtet demokratik me ekonomi prosperuese dhe k\u00ebshtu, pas gati nj\u00eb gjysm\u00eb shekulli ndarjeje, dy shtetet gjermane u bashkuan. Gjerman\u00ebt pat\u00ebn fat t\u00eb madh. Por ata ishin edhe fark\u00ebtar t\u00eb fatit t\u00eb tyre. Nd\u00ebrtimi i vendit, nd\u00ebrtimi i demokracis\u00eb dhe ballafaqimi me t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn (sidomos nga fillimi i viteve 1960-t\u00eb) ndikuan q\u00eb Gjermania t\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb mesin e kombeve t\u00eb civilizuara. Para 75 vitesh, kur Hitleri porositi bidon\u00ebt me benzin\u00eb, pakkush besonte se mbi rr\u00ebnojat e politik\u00ebs s\u00eb tij do t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohej nj\u00eb shtet funksional.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nga Enver Robelli Para 75 vitesh p\u00ebrfundoi Lufta e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore. \u00c7far\u00eb ndodhi mes 1 dhe 8 majit 1945, dit\u00ebs kur kapitulloi Gjermania naziste? Dhe pse m\u00eb 30 prill Adolf Hitleri porositi dhjet\u00eb bidon\u00eb me benzin\u00eb? Historiani gjerman Volker Ullrich ka shkruar nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr brilant mbi tet\u00eb dit\u00ebt e fundit t\u00eb Rajhut t\u00eb Tret\u00eb. Para […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9579,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,4],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nJava e fundit e nazizmit: kapitullimi me dredh\u00ebza t\u00eb ngrira - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=21767\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sq_AL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Java e fundit e nazizmit: kapitullimi me dredh\u00ebza t\u00eb ngrira - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nga Enver Robelli Para 75 vitesh p\u00ebrfundoi Lufta e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore. \u00c7far\u00eb ndodhi mes 1 dhe 8 majit 1945, dit\u00ebs kur kapitulloi Gjermania naziste? 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