Nga Elif Shafak<\/p>\n
\u201cRus\u00ebt faj\u00ebsojn\u00eb p\u00ebr gjith\u00e7ka qeverin\u00eb e tyre, amerikan\u00ebt prind\u00ebrit e tyre, dhe polak\u00ebt historin\u00eb\u201d. K\u00ebshtu \u00ebsht\u00eb shprehur dikur poeti amerikano-rus Xhozef Brodski. N\u00ebse do t\u00eb ishte sot gjall\u00eb, ai mund t\u00eb kishte shtuar: \u201cDhe mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebsit kryesor\u00eb t\u00eb Brexit, faj\u00ebsojn\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka p\u00ebr humbjen e nj\u00eb t\u00eb kaluare imagjinare\u201d.<\/p>\n
Natyrisht, \u201cfarat\u201d e k\u00ebsaj nostalgjie ishin t\u00eb pranishme n\u00eb Britani shum\u00eb koh\u00eb p\u00ebrpara referendumit. Por vitet e masave shtr\u00ebnguese dhe pabarazia ekonomike, e kulmuar me debatet e ashpra mbi refugjat\u00ebt dhe pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsia me statuskuon\u00eb, krijoi nj\u00eb ndjenj\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebshir\u00ebs p\u00ebr \u201ckoh\u00ebt e arta t\u00eb s\u00eb shkuar\u00ebs\u201d.<\/p>\n
Rreth 63 p\u00ebr qind e qytetar\u00ebve britanik\u00eb, mendojn\u00eb se jeta ishte m\u00eb e mir\u00eb dhe m\u00eb e leht\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn. P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb linj\u00ebs s\u00eb ashp\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrkrah\u00ebsve t\u00eb Brexit, e shfryt\u00ebzuan k\u00ebt\u00eb nostalgji emocionale p\u00ebr interesat e tyre politike. Historia u pastrua nga kapitujt e saj t\u00eb err\u00ebt, u zhvesh nga kompleksiteti i saj, dhe u thjesht\u00ebzua.<\/p>\n
Faktet nuk kan\u00eb m\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi. Sakt\u00ebsia historike \u00ebsht\u00eb sakrifikuar, p\u00ebr joshjen e dukshme t\u00eb retorik\u00ebs. Kur Boris Xhonson tha:\u201dN\u00eb qoft\u00eb se do t\u00eb miratohej plani fillestar i qeveris\u00eb, kjo do t\u00eb thoshte se p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb q\u00eb nga viti 1066, lider\u00ebt tan\u00eb do t\u00eb kishin pranuar hapur sundimin e huaj\u201d, ai vet\u00ebm sa po ndjek nj\u00eb prirje.<\/p>\n
Por, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebrkrah\u00ebsit m\u00eb t\u00eb zellsh\u00ebm t\u00eb Brexit, p\u00ebrdorin si kart\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00ebsin\u00eb britanike, vlen t\u00eb theksohet se nuk ka asgj\u00eb t\u00eb re apo t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme. Ata thjesht po i bashkohen nj\u00eb prirjeje t\u00eb rrezikshme, q\u00eb ka mb\u00ebrritur n\u00eb skajet e Evrop\u00ebs. Merrni Turqin\u00eb , nj\u00eb shtet-komb q\u00eb u formua nga nj\u00eb perandori multietnike.<\/p>\n
R\u00ebnia dramatike e demokracis\u00eb n\u00eb Turqi, bart leksione t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr progresist\u00ebt kudo n\u00eb bot\u00eb. Ajo na tregon se historia jo domosdoshm\u00ebrisht ec\u00ebn p\u00ebrpara; ajo mund t\u00eb rr\u00ebshqas\u00eb dhe kthehet pas. Trajektorja e Turqis\u00eb, zbulon dallimin e thell\u00eb midis demokracis\u00eb dhe mazhoritanizmit, dhe se si vendosja e k\u00ebtij t\u00eb fundit, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shteg i shkurt\u00ebr drejt autoritarizmit.<\/p>\n
\u00cbsht\u00eb shkruar shum\u00eb p\u00ebr izolacionizmin populist t\u00eb Turqis\u00eb. Por \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fakt pak i njohur, q\u00eb ky regres \u00ebsht\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur nga nj\u00eb retorik\u00eb e nostalgjis\u00eb perandorake. Vite m\u00eb par\u00eb, pas botimit t\u00eb romanit tim \u201cFillimet e arkitektit\u201d, un\u00eb fola n\u00eb Pera, lagjen m\u00eb kozmopolitane t\u00eb Stambollit. Nj\u00eb djal\u00eb i ri nga audienca ngriti dor\u00ebn, mori fjal\u00ebn dhe m\u00eb tha se e kisha ofenduar duke shkruar se n\u00eb marshimet e saj ushtria osmane mbante me vete prostituta.<\/p>\n
E pyeta n\u00ebse ai po vinte n\u00eb pik\u00ebpyetje vlefshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e k\u00ebtij fakti historik. \u201cAspak\u201d- u p\u00ebrgjigj ai. \u201cUn\u00eb e kuptoj, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb pasur gj\u00ebra t\u00eb tilla. Por nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ky thelbi. \u00c7\u00ebshtja \u00ebsht\u00eb, pse ta p\u00ebrmendim k\u00ebt\u00eb gj\u00eb? Pse nuk shkruan n\u00eb lidhje me lavdit\u00eb e perandoris\u00eb son\u00eb? Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb duam t\u00eb d\u00ebgjojm\u00eb\u201d.<\/p>\n
Nostalgjia perandorake, \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00ebllimisht selektive. Ajo fsheh n\u00ebn qilim, an\u00ebt e err\u00ebta t\u00eb historis\u00eb. Ajo imponon nga lart nj\u00eb version t\u00eb historis\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i nj\u00ebansh\u00ebm, i shtremb\u00ebruar, i paragjykuar. Ajo na tregon se \u00e7far\u00eb na lejohet t\u00eb kujtojm\u00eb, dhe \u00e7far\u00eb duhet t\u00eb harrojm\u00eb. Po ashtu pretendon se historia ishte e thjesht\u00eb. Kur n\u00eb fakt s\u2019ka qen\u00eb kurr\u00eb e till\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Ndjenja e t\u00eb riut q\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyri n\u00eb provomivimin e librit tim, \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me ideologjin\u00eb e qeveris\u00eb turke. Presidenti Erdogan, deklaron se republika e Turqis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb vazhdim\u00ebsi e perandoris\u00eb osmane. N\u00eb nj\u00eb ceremoni t\u00eb mbajtur me rastin e 100 vjetorit t\u00eb vdekjes s\u00eb sulltanit Abdylhamid II, Erdogan tha:\u201dDisa njer\u00ebz p\u00ebrpiqen me insistim ta fillojn\u00eb historin\u00eb e k\u00ebtij vendi q\u00eb nga viti 1923. Disa p\u00ebrpiqen pa pushim, q\u00eb t\u00eb na shk\u00ebpusin nga rr\u00ebnj\u00ebt tona dhe vlerat e lashta\u201d.<\/p>\n
Nostalgjia perandorake, form\u00ebson kultur\u00ebn popullore t\u00eb Turqis\u00eb. Serialet dhe filmat televiziv\u00eb, jan\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb lavd\u00ebruar t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn. Dirilis (Ringjallja), nj\u00eb serial i famsh\u00ebm komercial, p\u00ebrq\u00ebndrohet n\u00eb fillimet e perandoris\u00eb n\u00eb shekullin XIII-t\u00eb, duke romantizuar luft\u00ebrat dhe luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt.<\/p>\n
Seriali Payitaht (Kryeqyteti), q\u00eb fokusohet tek per\u00ebndimi i osman\u00ebve, \u00ebsht\u00eb thell\u00ebsisht antisemitik, duke akuzuar hebrenjt\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrpjekjen e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar perandorin\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, shkrimtar\u00ebt, akademik\u00ebt dhe gazetar\u00ebt q\u00eb guxojn\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb pik\u00ebpyetje otomanizmin e ri, shihen si tradhtar\u00eb dhe sh\u00ebrb\u00ebtor\u00eb t\u00eb fuqive per\u00ebndimore.<\/p>\n
Dy universitetet kryesore t\u00eb Turqis\u00eb, METU dhe Universiteti i Bosforit, sulmohen rregullisht nga politikan\u00ebt e AKP-s\u00eb, se nuk jan\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm komb\u00ebtare. Fondcioni Shoq\u00ebria e Hapur, \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebbuar nga vendi, q\u00ebkur Erdogan tha se \u201cSorosi hungarezo-hebre\u201d, q\u00ebndronte pas protestave n\u00eb sheshin Gezi n\u00eb vitin 2013.<\/p>\n
Osman Kavala, nj\u00eb biznesmen dhe aktivist i respektuar i shoq\u00ebris\u00eb civile, mbahet n\u00eb burg ende pas nj\u00eb 1 viti dhe n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb paligjshme. Akademik\u00ebt jan\u00eb arrestuar me akuza qesharake, mij\u00ebra jan\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb list\u00ebn e zez\u00eb, ose jan\u00eb pushuar nga puna. \u00c7arls Darvin u hoq edhe<\/p>\n
nga kurrikula e sistemit arsimor komb\u00ebtar. Tek e fundit, ai nuk ishte turk.<\/p>\n
Ndryshoni disa detaje, dhe mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruani po nj\u00eblloj edhe situat\u00ebn n\u00eb Hungari. Viktor Orban, i cili sulmon n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme Fondacionin Soros , edhe pse ka qen\u00eb vet\u00eb p\u00ebrfitues i nj\u00eb burse t\u00eb financuar nga Soros, ka ndaluar koh\u00ebt e fundit programet shkollore mbi studimet gjinore.<\/p>\n
\u201cQ\u00ebndrimi i qeveris\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb se njer\u00ebzit lindin meshkuj ose femra, dhe ne nuk e konsiderojm\u00eb<\/p>\n
t\u00eb pranueshme t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr gjinit\u00eb e nd\u00ebrtuara n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb sociale dhe jo biologjike\u201d- tha ai.<\/p>\n
Ashtu si n\u00eb Turqi, edhe n\u00eb Hungari, fiksimi pas \u201cperandoris\u00eb s\u00eb madhe\u201d ndihmon n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb narrative tribaliste-populiste.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb grup muzikor hungarez, Karpatia, k\u00ebndon k\u00ebng\u00eb rreth nj\u00eb \u201cHungarie t\u00eb Madhe\u201d, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn e p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb si parajs\u00eb. Fansat e grupit shkojn\u00eb n\u00eb koncerte, t\u00eb veshur me bluza q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb harta t\u00eb perandoris\u00eb s\u00eb tyre t\u00eb humbur. Ashtu si n\u00eb Turqi, k\u00ebto ndjenja manipulohen nga lart nga elita politike.<\/p>\n
Viktor Orban, flet vazhdimisht p\u00ebr Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Hungaris\u00eb, duke u ankuar p\u00ebr humbjen e saj,\u00a0dhe p\u00ebr humbjen e territoreve m\u00eb t\u00eb gjera. P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar sot Evrop\u00ebn, nj\u00eb v\u00ebmendje e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb\u00a0u duhet kushtuar vendeve q\u00eb ekzistonin dikur. K\u00ebto jan\u00eb vende, ku nj\u00eb nostalgji helmuese perandorake, po p\u00ebrhapet me shpejt\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n
Shum\u00eb prej nesh e pan\u00eb suksesin e Kroacis\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00ebrorin e Rusis\u00eb. Ishte di\u00e7ka e mrekullueshme, q\u00eb nj\u00eb vend i vog\u00ebl ballkanik pati nj\u00eb ecuri aq t\u00eb mir\u00eb, dhe qytetar\u00ebt e bot\u00ebs kudo brohorisnin me ta. Por kjo ndjenj\u00eb e \u00ebmb\u00ebl e solidaritetit global, u shkat\u00ebrrua nga ajo q\u00eb pasoi.<\/p>\n
Gjat\u00eb festimeve n\u00eb Zagreb, ekipi ftoi p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebnduar Marko Perkovi\u00e7in \u2013 nj\u00eb njeri i njohur p\u00ebr k\u00ebng\u00ebt e tij fashiste, ku glorifikon nacionalist\u00ebt Ustasha , t\u00eb cil\u00ebt luftuan p\u00ebrkrah nazist\u00ebve. Le t\u00eb mos harrojm\u00eb se ishte kjo l\u00ebvizje, ajo q\u00eb ngriti kampet e p\u00ebrqendrimit ku vdiq\u00ebn mij\u00ebra kroat\u00eb, serb\u00eb, \u00e7ifut\u00eb dhe qytetar\u00eb t\u00eb majt\u00eb liberal\u00eb. M\u00eb i famshmi i k\u00ebtyre kampeve \u00ebsht\u00eb Jasenovac, ku vler\u00ebsohet t\u00eb ken\u00eb vdekur 100 mij\u00eb njer\u00ebz.<\/p>\n
Nostalgjia perandorake \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjall\u00eb, dhe ka prekur nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ish-perandori:Rusin\u00eb. Shon Uoker n\u00eb librin \u201cDehja e gjat\u00eb:Rusia e Re e Putinit, dhe fantazmat e s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs\u201d, tregon se si e kaluara p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur realitetet e pad\u00ebshiruara t\u00eb s\u00eb tashmes. Sot, pothuajse gjysma e popullsis\u00eb mendon se duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb perandori ruse. Dhe ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb ndryshim i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, nga gjendja shpirt\u00ebrore n\u00eb vitet 1990.<\/p>\n
Nostalgjia perandorake nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb ndjenj\u00eb, por edhe nj\u00eb katalizator. Ajo i merr pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsit\u00eb sociale, dhe i shnd\u00ebrron ato n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb rrezikshme t\u00eb tribalizmit politik. N\u00eb\u00a0librin e tij \u201cE ardhmja \u00ebsht\u00eb histori\u201d, Masha Gesen tregon se si nostalgjia ka ndryshuar struktur\u00ebn e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb ruse.<\/p>\n
M\u00eb shum\u00eb se 25 p\u00ebr qind e rus\u00ebve, besojn\u00eb se sundimi i Stalinit ishte i mir\u00eb p\u00ebr vendin. Analiza e Gesen zbulon se si nostalgjia perandorake shkon krah p\u00ebr krah me nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb nacionalizmit, izolacionizmit, seksizmit dhe homofobis\u00eb. K\u00ebt\u00eb vit, me rastin 100-vjetori i rr\u00ebzimit t\u00eb dinastis\u00eb s\u00eb Habsburg\u00ebve, tribalist\u00ebt n\u00eb Austri po p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb ringjallin t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn e tyre romantike. Aleanca Verdhi-Zi, nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje monarkiste e themeluar n\u00eb vitin 2004, synon t\u00eb rivendos\u00eb nj\u00eb monarki t\u00eb trash\u00ebgueshme n\u00eb Austri, dhe m\u00eb tej n\u00ebp\u00ebr brigjet e Danubit.<\/p>\n
An\u00ebtar\u00ebt e saj pretendojn\u00eb se Evropa Qendrore ishte unike. Ata d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb t\u00eb bashkojn\u00eb\u00a0Austrin\u00eb me Sllovakin\u00eb, Sllovenin\u00eb, Kroacin\u00eb dhe Republik\u00ebn \u00c7eke. Shum\u00eb nga ndjenjat e tyre mb\u00ebshteten nga qeveria Kurz e Partis\u00eb Popullore Konservatore, q\u00eb d\u00ebshiron t\u2019i propozoj\u00eb dh\u00ebnien e shtet\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr italian\u00ebt q\u00eb flasin gjermanisht.<\/p>\n
Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, Alternative f\u00fcr Deutschland, partia e par\u00eb nacionaliste e ekstremit t\u00eb djatht\u00eb n\u00eb parlamentin gjerman q\u00eb nga Lufta e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, vazhdon t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb termat e epok\u00ebs naziste, t\u00eb tilla si \u00dcberfremdung \u2013 \u201cinfiltrimi i huaj\u201d. Nostalgjia perandorake, \u00ebsht\u00eb haptazi ekspansioniste.<\/p>\n
Ajo mund t\u00eb nis\u00eb si nj\u00eb krenari e pafajshme patriotike, por nuk ndalet kurr\u00eb atje. Sapo \u00a0nisin t\u00eb shfaqen pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsit\u00eb mbi fundin e perandorive, p\u00ebrplasjet jan\u00eb t\u00eb pashmangshme. Hapi tjet\u00ebr, \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb besohet se vendet fqinje jan\u00eb n\u00eb fakt pjes\u00eb \u201ce jona\u201d, q\u00eb presin t\u00eb bashkohen me atdheun. Kujtesa \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi. Ne duhet t\u00eb kujtojm\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn, por jo vet\u00ebm lavdit\u00eb e saj, por edhe mizorit\u00eb dhe padrejt\u00ebsit\u00eb. Retorika rreth kthimit tek nj\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar t\u00eb art\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e pafajshme, dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb rruga e duhur q\u00eb duhet ndjekur.<\/p>\n
Le t\u00eb mos jemi aq t\u00eb vet\u00ebk\u00ebnaqur, sa t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb se nacionalizmi perandorak, nj\u00eb l\u00ebng toksik q\u00eb ka ndotur vend pas vendi, nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin efekt n\u00eb Britanin\u00eb e Madhe, pasi tek e fundit \u201cky vend \u00ebsht\u00eb i ndrysh\u00ebm\u201d. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht ajo q\u00eb do t\u00eb thoshte nj\u00eb imperialist-nacionalist hungarez, turk, kroat, austriak ose gjerman.<\/p>\n
Teksa Evropa po d\u00ebshmon nj\u00eb rritje n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb re t\u00eb nostalgjis\u00eb politike, gj\u00ebja e fundit q\u00eb na nevojitet, \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb politikan\u00ebt britanik\u00eb t\u00eb hidhen n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb \u201cvagon\u201d q\u00eb ndjell katastrof\u00ebn. Asnj\u00eb vend nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm. Ne jemi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pjes\u00eb e k\u00ebtij kaosi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nga Elif Shafak \u201cRus\u00ebt faj\u00ebsojn\u00eb p\u00ebr gjith\u00e7ka qeverin\u00eb e tyre, amerikan\u00ebt prind\u00ebrit e tyre, dhe polak\u00ebt historin\u00eb\u201d. K\u00ebshtu \u00ebsht\u00eb shprehur dikur poeti amerikano-rus Xhozef Brodski. N\u00ebse do t\u00eb ishte sot gjall\u00eb, ai mund t\u00eb kishte shtuar: \u201cDhe mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebsit kryesor\u00eb t\u00eb Brexit, faj\u00ebsojn\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka p\u00ebr humbjen e nj\u00eb t\u00eb kaluare imagjinare\u201d. Natyrisht, \u201cfarat\u201d e k\u00ebsaj nostalgjie […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1859,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,4],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n