{"id":1780,"date":"2019-02-15T21:00:35","date_gmt":"2019-02-15T20:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780"},"modified":"2019-02-15T21:00:35","modified_gmt":"2019-02-15T20:00:35","slug":"nikolo-makiaveli-trondites-edhe-pese-shekuj-me-vone","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780","title":{"rendered":"Nikolo Makiaveli: Trondit\u00ebs, edhe pes\u00eb shekuj m\u00eb von\u00eb"},"content":{"rendered":"

Stewart M. Patrick<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Kontributet e Nikolo Makiavelit n\u00eb tradit\u00ebn e realizmit politik jan\u00eb jet\u00ebgjat\u00eb. Ata p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb paralajm\u00ebrimin e tij q\u00eb bota duhet marr\u00eb ashtu si \u00ebsht\u00eb, dhe jo ashtu si duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb; pranimin se pushteti dhe interesi vetiak luajn\u00eb nj\u00eb rol par\u00ebsor n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet politike; ideja e tij se ai i qeverisjes \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb art, q\u00eb k\u00ebrkon prej udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsve politik\u00eb, q\u00eb t\u2019u p\u00ebrshtaten strukturave tradicionale, por edhe koh\u00ebrave q\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb; dhe k\u00ebmb\u00ebngulja e tij se diktatet e raison d\u2019\u00e9tat mund t\u00eb bien ndesh me ato t\u00eb moralitetit tradicional. Esht\u00eb ky pohimi i fundit \u2013 se sfera publike dhe ajo private kan\u00eb moralet e tyre t\u00eb dalluesh\u00ebm nga nj\u00ebri-tjetri \u2013 q\u00eb mbetet kaq trondit\u00ebs, edhe sot e k\u00ebsaj dite<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb shkrimtar\u00ebt n\u00eb l\u00ebmin e \u201crealizmit\u201d \u2013 nga Tucididi e Hobsi, e deri tek Morgenthoja dhe Me\u00ebrshajmeri \u2013 \u00ebsht\u00eb Nikolo Makiaveli, ai q\u00eb ka aft\u00ebsin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb tronditur. N\u00eb vitin 1513, i d\u00ebbuar nga Firencja e tij e dashur, Makiaveli nisi t\u00eb punoj\u00eb kryevepr\u00ebn e tij, Princin. Pes\u00eb shekuj m\u00eb von\u00eb, libri i tij mbi artin e qeverisjes, mbetet leximi m\u00eb i k\u00ebrkuar, ndon\u00ebse edhe shum\u00eb trazues, p\u00ebr praktikuesit dhe student\u00ebt e politik\u00ebs. Origjinaliteti i Makiavelit \u2013 dhe burimi p\u00ebr reputacionin e tij jet\u00ebgjat\u00eb \u2013 konsistonte n\u00eb refuzimin e hapur q\u00eb ai i b\u00ebnte moralitetit tradicional, si udh\u00ebrr\u00ebfyes p\u00ebr veprimin politik, si dhe k\u00ebmb\u00ebngulja se arti i qeverisjes duhet t\u00eb bazohet, mbi nj\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim realist t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb korruptuar njer\u00ebzore.
\nNdon\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb kritikuar shpesh, si nj\u00eb cinik amoral \u2013 autor i nj\u00eb \u201clibri udh\u00ebrr\u00ebfyes p\u00ebr gangster\u00eb\u201d, sipas fjal\u00ebve t\u00eb Bertrand Ras\u00ebllit \u2013 Makiaveli z\u00eb vend, n\u00eb fakt, n\u00eb nj\u00eb terren etik m\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar. Pretendimi i tij kryesor \u00ebsht\u00eb se politika ka nj\u00eb logjik\u00eb morale t\u00eb vet\u00ebn, dhe ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb k\u00ebrkon veprime p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur shtetin, t\u00eb cilat brenda nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebrie t\u00eb edukuar, mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebnueshme. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb etika tradicionale duhet l\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00ebnjan\u00eb, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb diktateve t\u00eb pragmatizmit dhe nevoj\u00ebs s\u00eb (asaj q\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb do t\u00eb njihej) si raison d\u2019etat, ose \u201carsyet shtet\u00ebrore\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ajo q\u00eb e b\u00ebnte Princin kaq modern, shkruan R. J. B. Uoker, \u00ebsht\u00eb se \u201cai hodhi n\u00eb er\u00eb tradit\u00ebn universale t\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb Makiavelit, qoft\u00eb kur kjo shihet si nj\u00eb dallim mes moralitetit dhe politik\u00ebs, apo qoft\u00eb kur shihet si dallim mes dy formave t\u00eb moralitetit\u201d. Ishte nj\u00eb tez\u00eb e fort\u00eb laike, p\u00ebr t\u2019u parashtruar n\u00eb shekullin 16. Sigurisht, Kisha Katolike ishte dob\u00ebsuar, me rritjen e shteteve t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm q\u00eb luftonin p\u00ebr pushtet, si dhe pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsis\u00eb n\u00eb rritje kundrejt korrupsionit papnor. Pas kat\u00ebr vjet\u00ebsh, Martin Luteri do t\u00eb parashtronte 95 tezat e tij, n\u00eb der\u00ebn e Kish\u00ebs s\u00eb K\u00ebshtjell\u00ebs s\u00eb Vitenburgut, duke ndezur k\u00ebshtu shk\u00ebndij\u00ebn e Reformimit, q\u00eb m\u00eb tej do t\u00eb sillte fragmentimin e Krisht\u00ebrimit Per\u00ebndimor. E megjithat\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb mbres\u00ebl\u00ebn\u00ebse q\u00eb tek \u201cprinci\u201d nuk p\u00ebrmendet askund ligji natyror, apo vendi i njeriut n\u00eb Zinxhirin e Madh t\u00eb Ngjarjeve t\u00eb Zotit, nj\u00eb pik\u00eb e zakonshme referimi kjo, n\u00eb mendimin e Rilindjes. Pavar\u00ebsisht reputacionit t\u00eb tij si nj\u00eb teoricien me influenc\u00eb i politik\u00ebs, vepra e shkruar e Makiavelit \u00ebsht\u00eb e pak\u00ebt. Ajo p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet kryesisht nga \u201cPrinci\u201d dhe nga \u201cLigj\u00ebratat\u201d. Ndryshe nga realist\u00ebt e m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm, si Hobsi apo Rusoja, Makiaveli nuk pretendon t\u00eb paraqes\u00eb nj\u00eb teori sistematike t\u00eb politik\u00ebs. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, ai k\u00ebrkon q\u00eb, p\u00ebrmes studimeve historike dhe v\u00ebzhgimit praktik, t\u00eb identifikoj\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtetat e pakoha t\u00eb sjelljes shoq\u00ebrore njer\u00ebzore, dhe t\u2019i nd\u00ebrfus\u00eb k\u00ebto n\u00eb nj\u00eb seri maksimash, aforizmash dhe parimesh, q\u00eb mund ta ndihmojn\u00eb Princin t\u00eb mbijetoj\u00eb, n\u00eb nj\u00eb bot\u00eb t\u00eb mbushur me tradh\u00ebti. Ai g\u00ebrrmon n\u00eb historin\u00eb e pasur t\u00eb Greqis\u00eb dhe Rom\u00ebs s\u00eb lasht\u00eb, si dhe n\u00eb trazirat e qytet-shteteve italiane, p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur shembuj t\u00eb udh\u00ebheqjeve t\u00eb suksesshme dhe t\u00eb d\u00ebshtuara.<\/span><\/p>\n

Motivimi i Makiavelit n\u00eb shkrimin e k\u00ebtij libri, \u00ebsht\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm udh\u00ebzimi i lexuesve, por edhe rehabilitimi i tij politik. N\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr t\u2019i p\u00eblqyer sundimtarit t\u00eb ri t\u00eb Firences, ai ia dedikon \u201cPrincin\u201d t\u00eb \u201cMrekullueshmit Lorenco de Medici\u201d, i cili me ndihm\u00ebn e trupave spanjolle, kishte p\u00ebrmbysur mbrojt\u00ebsin e m\u00ebhersh\u00ebm t\u00eb Makiavelit, Pier Soderinin. E megjithat\u00eb, \u201cPrinci\u201d nuk mund t\u00eb shihet thjesht\u00eb si nj\u00eb vep\u00ebr oportunizmi politik. Makiaveli ishte n\u00eb thelb nj\u00eb patriot fiorentinas, i cili shkruante: \u201cUn\u00eb e dua vendin tim, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se sa shpirtin tim\u201d, dhe n\u00eb librin e tij vazhdimisht vihet re ankthi q\u00eb shkakton r\u00ebnia e Firences. Q\u00ebllimi i tij ishte t\u00eb gjente t\u00eb dyja, shkakun dhe ila\u00e7in p\u00ebr fatkeq\u00ebsit\u00eb e qytet-shtetit t\u00eb tij. Duke identifikuar realitetet themelor\u00eb dhe rregullat kryesor\u00eb t\u00eb politik\u00ebs, Makiaveli besonte se mund t\u00eb ndihmonte p\u00ebr krijimin e nj\u00eb shteti \u2013 preferonte nj\u00eb republik\u00eb \u2013 q\u00eb t\u00eb kishte stabilitet t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm, si dhe t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb vet\u00ebmbrohej nga agresioni i jasht\u00ebm. Q\u00ebllimi i tij ishte q\u00eb t\u00eb ringrinte Firencen, nga nj\u00eb shtet i korruptuar dhe i dob\u00ebt, dhe ta transformonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb atdhe t\u00eb fort\u00eb, t\u00eb bashkuar, t\u00eb rigjeneruar moralisht, dhe fitimtar, sipas shembullit t\u00eb Athin\u00ebs s\u00eb Perikliut apo republik\u00ebs Romake. Rikthimi i shtetit t\u00eb Firences tek lavdia do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte nj\u00eb princ, i cili zot\u00ebronte dhe kultivonte tek qytetar\u00ebt e tij ato aft\u00ebsi parakristiane, q\u00eb vler\u00ebsoheshin shum\u00eb prej burrave t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb bot\u00ebs s\u00eb lasht\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb forc\u00ebn, aft\u00ebsin\u00eb, kuraj\u00ebn, besnik\u00ebrin\u00eb, nderin, sensin qytetar dhe gjall\u00ebrin\u00eb publike. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, \u00e7rr\u00ebnjosja e problemeve t\u00eb Firences, do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte masa q\u00eb zakonisht konsideroheshin mizore, tradh\u00ebtare dhe t\u00eb posht\u00ebra.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb zemr\u00ebn e err\u00ebt t\u00eb Princit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje e pakursyer dhe aspak sentimentale e natyr\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore. Shumica e njer\u00ebzve, shkruan Makiaveli, \u201cjan\u00eb mosmir\u00ebnjoh\u00ebs, t\u00eb paq\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm, fsheharak\u00eb, t\u00eb frikur nga rreziku dhe lakmitar\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitime\u201d. N\u00eb nj\u00eb bot\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, sundimtari q\u00eb sillet sipas moralitetit kristian, shum\u00eb shpejt do t\u00eb gremiset. \u201cM\u00ebnyra se si njer\u00ebzit jetojn\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb kaq larg prej m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs se si duhej q\u00eb t\u00eb jetonin, saq\u00eb kushdo q\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqet t\u2019i largohet asaj q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkuar tek ajo q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb, po shkon drejt rr\u00ebzimit, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb q\u00ebndres\u00ebs\u201d. Prandaj, shpjegon m\u00eb tej Makiaveli, \u201c\u00ebsht\u00eb e domosdoshme q\u00eb nj\u00eb princ i interesuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbijetuar, duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm mir\u00eb\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ajo q\u00eb Makiaveli k\u00ebrkon t\u00eb thot\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb se bota publike dhe ajo private jan\u00eb universe moral\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm mes tyre, me kode sjelljeje t\u00eb papajtueshme. Kur zgjedh jet\u00ebn e burrit t\u00eb shtetit, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb qytetarit t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm, udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi angazhohet q\u00eb t\u00eb veproj\u00eb sipas nj\u00eb grupi t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm vlerash dhe parimesh parakristiane, pasi i p\u00ebrkushtohet krijimit dhe siguris\u00eb s\u00eb nj\u00eb \u201cshteti t\u00eb madh e t\u00eb lavdish\u00ebm\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb shenjt n\u00eb nj\u00eb bot\u00eb m\u00ebkatar\u00ebsh, princi duhet t\u00eb kultivoj\u00eb pushtetin dhe t\u00eb shtyp\u00eb pa m\u00ebshir\u00eb armiqt\u00eb e tij, pa patur frik\u00eb se do t\u00eb gjykohet si i lig dhe i paskrupullt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Duke marr\u00eb shembuj, q\u00eb nga perandori romak Karakala, deri tek fiorentinasi Cezare Borxhia, Makiaveli ofron k\u00ebshilla p\u00ebr k\u00ebdo q\u00eb aspiron t\u00eb b\u00ebhet princ.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00eb pari, b\u00ebj \u00e7do gj\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur pushtetin dhe siguruar shtetin. B\u00ebj kujdes, q\u00eb t\u00eb mos lejosh dik\u00eb tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebhet i pushtetsh\u00ebm, apo t\u00eb bashkosh forcat me nj\u00eb shtet m\u00eb t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm, pasi k\u00ebshtu do t\u00eb sjell\u00ebsh vet\u00ebm rr\u00ebnimin t\u00ebnd.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00eb dyti, duhet t\u00eb jesh sa m\u00eb i zoti n\u00eb luft\u00eb, \u201ci vetmi art q\u00eb pritet prej nj\u00eb sundimtari\u201d. Mbaje shtetin n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrhershme gatishm\u00ebrie p\u00ebr luft\u00eb, dhe mbaj nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm ushtar\u00ebsh dhe arm\u00ebsh, p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb t\u00ebnde, nga agresioni i huaj dhe rival\u00ebt e brendsh\u00ebm. Trajtoje \u201cpaqen\u201d si asgj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se sa nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrjeje, p\u00ebr t\u2019u p\u00ebrgatitur p\u00ebr nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr konflikt. Injoroje teorin\u00eb e luft\u00ebs s\u00eb drejt\u00eb. Nj\u00eb luft\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201ce drejt\u00eb\u201d at\u00ebher\u00eb kur \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme \u2013 as m\u00eb shum\u00eb, as m\u00eb pak.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00eb treti, p\u00ebrdor mashtrimin si nj\u00eb element qendror t\u00eb artit t\u00eb qeverisjes. Fshihi q\u00ebllimet e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, dhe q\u00ebndroju besnik premtimeve, vet\u00ebm sa koh\u00eb k\u00ebta jan\u00eb n\u00eb interesin t\u00ebnd. Mos harro q\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt do t\u00eb t\u00eb g\u00ebnjejn\u00eb, n\u00ebse nuk merr masa q\u00eb ata t\u00eb paguajn\u00eb p\u00ebr g\u00ebnjeshtrat. Kujdes, mos u rretho nga vart\u00ebs t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm. Ndiq k\u00ebshillat e mendjes dhe rrethohu nga sa m\u00eb pak k\u00ebshilltar\u00eb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Eleminoji gjeneral\u00ebt fitimtar\u00eb, dhe fisnik\u00ebt mbaji gjithmon\u00eb t\u00eb dob\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebr\u00e7ar\u00eb.
\nN\u00eb fund, p\u00ebrdor edhe mizorin\u00eb, edhe mir\u00ebsin\u00eb, ashtu si e k\u00ebrkon situata, duke pranuar q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb ken\u00eb frik\u00ebn se sa t\u00eb t\u00eb duan, n\u00ebse nuk i ke dot t\u00eb dyja. Kur shkakton nj\u00eb goditje, b\u00ebje n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb beft\u00eb dhe t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur kund\u00ebr-reagimin. Atje ku \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur, l\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb \u201cpun\u00ebn e pist\u00eb\u201d, pasi m\u00eb von\u00eb mund t\u00eb sigurosh mb\u00ebshtetjen e njer\u00ebzve, \u201cduke ua prer\u00eb kok\u00ebn\u201d k\u00ebtyre. Kur d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb shp\u00ebrblesh vart\u00ebsit, b\u00ebje gradualisht, q\u00eb t\u2019u shijojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb. Mos lejo kurr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhesh objekt pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsie. Forca m\u00eb e madhe e nj\u00eb udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi, \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos urrehet prej popullit t\u00eb tij.<\/span><\/p>\n

Duket si \u201ckoncentrat lig\u00ebsie\u201d. E megjithat\u00eb, Makiaveli nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak sadist. Mjetet e paskrupullt jan\u00eb t\u00eb justifikuar, vet\u00ebm n\u00ebse i sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb nj\u00eb q\u00ebllimi specifik. Ose, sipas fjal\u00ebve t\u00eb Kenet Uoltzit, \u201ct\u00eb ruash pushtetin t\u00ebnd brenda shtetit, dhe shtetin t\u00ebnd mes shteteve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb\u201d. Ai nuk mbron dhun\u00ebn e pamend apo mizorin\u00eb p\u00ebr hir t\u00eb k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsis\u00eb \u2013 jo sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb i dob\u00ebt, por sepse ato jan\u00eb kund\u00ebrproduktive. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb, Makiaveli k\u00ebshillon maturin\u00eb, si nj\u00eb element thelb\u00ebsor t\u00eb udh\u00ebheqjes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb skandaloze p\u00ebr Princin \u2013 sot m\u00eb shum\u00eb se sa n\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur \u00ebsht\u00eb shkruar \u2013 \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrqafimi i duksh\u00ebm q\u00eb i b\u00ebn Makiaveli parimit, q\u00eb \u201cq\u00ebllimi i justifikon t\u00eb gjith\u00eb mjetet\u201d, sado mizore dhe t\u00eb ashpra mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb k\u00ebto mjete. Si\u00e7 e shpjegon vet\u00eb autori \u201cn\u00eb veprimet e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzve, dhe sidomos n\u00eb ato t\u00eb princ\u00ebrve, \u00ebsht\u00eb rezultati q\u00eb e jep verdiktin, at\u00ebher\u00eb kur nuk ka gjykat\u00eb apeli\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht trazuese p\u00ebr lexuesit e sot\u00ebm, \u00ebsht\u00eb mungesa e pendes\u00ebs tek Makiaveli, p\u00ebr mbrojtjen q\u00eb i b\u00ebn artit t\u00eb pam\u00ebshirsh\u00ebm t\u00eb qeverisjes. Ai nuk p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb \u201c\u00ebmb\u00eblsoj\u00eb\u201d asgj\u00eb, as p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb ngush\u00eblloj\u00eb lexuesin. Mungon t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht toni tragjik i realist\u00ebve t\u00eb m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm, si Hobsi dhe Rusoja \u2013 apo n\u00eb koh\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb af\u00ebrta, Morgentho, Uoltzi dhe Mershaimeri. P\u00ebr k\u00ebta shkrimtar\u00eb, politika e pushtetit dhe lufta e p\u00ebrs\u00ebritur jan\u00eb fakte, ekzistenciale, lig\u00ebshtuese dhe t\u00eb vajtueshme, n\u00ebnprodukte t\u00eb pashmangsh\u00ebm strukturor\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb sistemi anarshist, i cili detyron \u00e7do shtet, q\u00eb t\u00eb ndjek\u00eb interesat vetiake.
\nMegjithat\u00eb, ky problemi i anarshis\u00eb nd\u00ebrshtet\u00ebrore nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb shqet\u00ebsimi par\u00ebsor i Makiavelit. Syri i tij \u00ebsht\u00eb i fokusuar tek natyra njer\u00ebzore. Dhe ajo q\u00eb sheh, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak e bukur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sigurisht, Makiaveli ishte i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb, realist\u00ebt do ta quanin dilema e siguris\u00eb. Si k\u00ebshilltar politik dhe ushtarak i Soderinit, ai ishte p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb manipulonte ekuilibrin n\u00eb ndryshim t\u00eb fuqive, mes qytet-shteteve xheloz\u00eb dhe sy\u00e7el\u00ebt t\u00eb Italis\u00eb. Ai kish par\u00eb Firencen e tij t\u00eb dashur, pas nj\u00eb litanie gabimesh, t\u00eb kapitullonte p\u00ebrball\u00eb armiqve t\u00eb saj. K\u00ebto eksperienca i m\u00ebsuan se \u201c\u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur p\u00ebr nj\u00eb shtet, q\u00eb t\u00eb shijoj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithmon\u00eb duke lirit\u00eb e tij, dhe kufijt\u00eb q\u00eb i rrijn\u00eb ngusht\u00eb; sepse ndon\u00ebse mund t\u00eb mos ngacmoj\u00eb shtetet e tjer\u00eb, ai do t\u00eb ngacmohet prej tyre, dhe pasi t\u00eb ngacmohet, do t\u00eb lind\u00eb tek ai d\u00ebshira, dhe nevoja, p\u00ebr pushtime\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Por Makiaveli ndryshon nga realist\u00ebt e m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm si Hobsi, kur pranon se nd\u00ebrtimi i njeriut ka po aq r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi sa edhe fakti i anarshis\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, n\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktimin, si t\u00eb sjelljes n\u00eb politik\u00ebn e jashtme, ashtu edhe pasojave n\u00eb politik\u00ebn bot\u00ebrore. P\u00ebrmes shembujve historik\u00eb t\u00eb sukseseve dh\u00eb d\u00ebshtimeve, Makiaveli na kujton se individ\u00ebt jan\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Po, bota \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb ndryshim t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm, ajo e godet shtetin nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb drejtimet. Por \u201cedhe n\u00ebse ka nj\u00eb Hyj q\u00eb i jep form\u00eb fundit ton\u00eb\u201d \u2013 si\u00e7 shkruan Shekspiri tek Hamleti \u2013 zgjedhjet e nj\u00eb udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb impakt t\u00eb madh n\u00eb politik\u00eb, t\u00eb brendshme dhe t\u00eb jashtme.<\/span><\/p>\n

Makiaveli eksploron nd\u00ebrveprimin mes forcave materiale dhe nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb njeriut, p\u00ebrmes koncepteve t\u00eb fatit dhe virtytit. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb princ\u00ebrit (dhe n\u00eb fakt t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit) i n\u00ebnshtrohen faktor\u00ebve shoq\u00ebror\u00eb dhe natyror\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj se ata vet\u00eb. Gjith\u00ebsesi, \u201cvullneti i lir\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb mohohet\u201d, k\u00ebmb\u00ebngul Makiaveli. \u201cEdhe n\u00ebse fati \u00ebsht\u00eb arbitri i gjysm\u00ebs s\u00eb veprimeve tona, ai s\u00ebrish na lejon ne q\u00eb t\u00eb kontrollojm\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr\u201d. Ndon\u00ebse fati mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb kapri\u00e7oz, udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi i aft\u00eb mund t\u2019i jap\u00eb form\u00eb fatit t\u00eb tij, dhe fatit t\u00eb shtetit q\u00eb udh\u00ebheq, p\u00ebrmes ushtrimit t\u00eb virtytit. Ky nuk duhet marr\u00eb n\u00eb kuptimin e m\u00ebsimeve morale t\u00eb krishtera (dometh\u00ebn\u00eb integriteti, p\u00ebrul\u00ebsia e k\u00ebshtu me ardh\u00eb). B\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr cil\u00ebsit\u00eb njer\u00ebzore q\u00eb vler\u00ebsoheshin n\u00eb lasht\u00ebsi, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb dijen, kuraj\u00ebn, mpreht\u00ebsin\u00eb, krenarin\u00eb dhe forc\u00ebn.
\nKontributet e Nikolo Makiavelit n\u00eb tradit\u00ebn e realizmit politik jan\u00eb jet\u00ebgjat\u00eb. Ata p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb paralajm\u00ebrimin e tij q\u00eb bota duhet marr\u00eb ashtu si \u00ebsht\u00eb, dhe jo ashtu si duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb; pranimin se pushteti dhe interesi vetiak luajn\u00eb nj\u00eb rol par\u00ebsor n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet politike; ideja e tij se ai i qeverisjes \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb art, q\u00eb k\u00ebrkon prej udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsve politik\u00eb, q\u00eb t\u2019u p\u00ebrshtaten strukturave tradicionale, por edhe koh\u00ebrave q\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb; dhe k\u00ebmb\u00ebngulja e tij se diktatet e raison d\u2019\u00e9tat mund t\u00eb bien ndesh me ato t\u00eb moralitetit tradicional. Esht\u00eb ky pohimi i fundit \u2013 se sfera publike dhe ajo private kan\u00eb moralet e tyre t\u00eb dalluesh\u00ebm nga nj\u00ebri-tjetri \u2013 q\u00eb mbetet kaq trondit\u00ebs, edhe sot e k\u00ebsaj dite.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit, jetojm\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb epok\u00eb sovraniteti demokratik, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin \u201cprinc\u00ebrit\u201d zgjidhen nga qytetar\u00ebt, dhe ashtu si zyrtar\u00ebt e qeveris\u00eb, prej tyre pritet q\u00eb t\u00eb sillen ndershm\u00ebrisht, me transparenc\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrgjegjshm\u00ebri. Edhe konteksti global i normave t\u00eb artit t\u00eb qeverisjes ka ndryshuar shum\u00eb, kryesisht fal\u00eb ekspansionit t\u00eb kodifikimit nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave themelore t\u00eb njeriut. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e mir\u00eb e dhun\u00ebs shtet\u00ebrore q\u00eb n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e Makiavelit merrej si e mir\u00ebqen\u00eb \u2013 qoft\u00eb pushtimet e perandorive, qoft\u00eb kryerja e krimeve \u2013 sot jan\u00eb ligj\u00ebrisht dhe moralisht t\u00eb palejueshme, fal\u00eb zgjerimit t\u00eb ligjit p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat e njeriut, ligjit humanitar, ligjeve t\u00eb luft\u00ebs, si dhe p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb normave, traktateve dhe institucioneve nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare.<\/span><\/p>\n

Por n\u00eb drejtime t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, Princi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebrr\u00ebfyes i mir\u00eb n\u00eb politik\u00eb, at\u00eb t\u00eb brendshme dhe t\u00eb jashtme. Rr\u00ebfimet e tij p\u00ebr korrupsionin e zyrtar\u00ebve n\u00eb Firence, p\u00ebr dekadenc\u00ebn n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e fundit t\u00eb Perandoris\u00eb s\u00eb Rom\u00ebs, dhe mashtrimin e Pap\u00ebve italian\u00eb, shum\u00eb pak njer\u00ebz do t\u00eb habisnin n\u00eb qendrat e sotme t\u00eb pushtetit. Po k\u00ebshtu, lexuesit modern\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb habiteshin as q\u00eb, n\u00eb jet\u00ebn politike, ndodh m\u00eb shpesh q\u00eb m\u00ebkatar\u00ebt, dhe jo shenjt\u00ebt, t\u00eb ngjiten n\u00eb pushtet dhe t\u00eb mbahen fort pas posteve t\u00eb tyre.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stewart M. Patrick \u00ebsht\u00eb Drejtor i Programit t\u00eb Institucioneve Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare dhe Qeverisjes Globale n\u00eb K\u00ebshillin p\u00ebr Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet me Jasht\u00eb.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Stewart M. Patrick Kontributet e Nikolo Makiavelit n\u00eb tradit\u00ebn e realizmit politik jan\u00eb jet\u00ebgjat\u00eb. Ata p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb paralajm\u00ebrimin e tij q\u00eb bota duhet marr\u00eb ashtu si \u00ebsht\u00eb, dhe jo ashtu si duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb; pranimin se pushteti dhe interesi vetiak luajn\u00eb nj\u00eb rol par\u00ebsor n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet politike; ideja e tij se ai i qeverisjes \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1781,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,14,4],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nNikolo Makiaveli: Trondit\u00ebs, edhe pes\u00eb shekuj m\u00eb von\u00eb - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sq_AL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nikolo Makiaveli: Trondit\u00ebs, edhe pes\u00eb shekuj m\u00eb von\u00eb - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Stewart M. Patrick Kontributet e Nikolo Makiavelit n\u00eb tradit\u00ebn e realizmit politik jan\u00eb jet\u00ebgjat\u00eb. Ata p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb paralajm\u00ebrimin e tij q\u00eb bota duhet marr\u00eb ashtu si \u00ebsht\u00eb, dhe jo ashtu si duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb; pranimin se pushteti dhe interesi vetiak luajn\u00eb nj\u00eb rol par\u00ebsor n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet politike; ideja e tij se ai i qeverisjes \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-02-15T20:00:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Nikolo-Makiaveli.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"960\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"http:\/\/redaktori.com\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"http:\/\/redaktori.com\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"14 minuta\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780\",\"name\":\"Nikolo Makiaveli: Trondit\u00ebs, edhe pes\u00eb shekuj m\u00eb von\u00eb - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Nikolo-Makiaveli.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-02-15T20:00:35+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-02-15T20:00:35+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/#\/schema\/person\/470e9b98b348cb5da953e2daff276aa2\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"sq\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"sq\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Nikolo-Makiaveli.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Nikolo-Makiaveli.jpg\",\"width\":1280,\"height\":960},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Nikolo Makiaveli: Trondit\u00ebs, edhe pes\u00eb shekuj m\u00eb von\u00eb\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/\",\"name\":\"http:\/\/redaktori.com - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"sq\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/#\/schema\/person\/470e9b98b348cb5da953e2daff276aa2\",\"name\":\"http:\/\/redaktori.com\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"sq\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5555287f41529e19277415e6cb9cfb4c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5555287f41529e19277415e6cb9cfb4c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"http:\/\/redaktori.com\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Nikolo Makiaveli: Trondit\u00ebs, edhe pes\u00eb shekuj m\u00eb von\u00eb - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=1780","og_locale":"sq_AL","og_type":"article","og_title":"Nikolo Makiaveli: Trondit\u00ebs, edhe pes\u00eb shekuj m\u00eb von\u00eb - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!","og_description":"Stewart M. Patrick Kontributet e Nikolo Makiavelit n\u00eb tradit\u00ebn e realizmit politik jan\u00eb jet\u00ebgjat\u00eb. 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