Shkat\u00ebrrimi i bibliotek\u00ebs s\u00eb madhe t\u00eb Aleksandris\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb konsideruar si nj\u00eb nga humbjet m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb bot\u00ebs s\u00eb lasht\u00eb. Gati 1 milion dokumente nga mbar\u00eb Asiria, Greqia e Lasht\u00eb, Persia, Egjipti, India dhe shum\u00eb qyteterime t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb fuqishme t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, u zhduk\u00ebn n\u00ebn rr\u00ebnojat e saj. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb arritur t\u00eb gjendet kurr\u00eb ndonj\u00eb gjurm\u00eb e bibliotek\u00ebs, por t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat historike flasin p\u00ebr humbjen e saj tragjike.<\/p>\n
Ngritja e Aleksandris\u00eb<\/p>\n
Aleksandria, nj\u00eb nga qytetet m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb bot\u00ebs s\u00eb lasht\u00eb, u themelua nga Aleksandri i Madh i Maqedonis\u00eb, pas pushtimit t\u00eb Egjiptit n\u00eb vitin 332 Para Krishtit. Pas vdekjes s\u00eb Aleksandrit n\u00eb Babiloni, n\u00eb vitin 323 Para Krishtit, Egjipti ra n\u00eb sundimin e nj\u00ebrit prej gjeneral\u00ebve t\u00eb tij, Ptolemeut.<\/p>\n
Pik\u00ebrisht n\u00ebn Ptolemeun, Aleksandria e sapo-themeluar z\u00ebvend\u00ebsoi qytetin antik t\u00eb Memfisit si kryeqyteti i Egjiptit. Kjo sh\u00ebnoi fillimin e ngritjes s\u00eb Aleksandris\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, asnj\u00eb dinasti nuk mund t\u00eb mbijetoj\u00eb p\u00ebr shum\u00eb koh\u00eb pa mb\u00ebshtetjen e qytetar\u00ebve t\u00eb saj, dhe Ptolemeu ishte shum\u00eb i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebshtu, mbret\u00ebrit e hersh\u00ebm q\u00eb erdh\u00ebn pas tij, u p\u00ebrpoq\u00ebn t\u00eb legjitimonin sundimin e tyre p\u00ebrmes m\u00ebnyrave t\u00eb ndryshme, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb marrjen e rolit t\u00eb faraonit, apo themeluar kultin greko-romak t\u00eb Serapis, dhe duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb padron\u00eb t\u00eb dijes (nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar mir\u00ebqenien). Ishte ky lloj patronazhi, q\u00eb \u00e7oi n\u00eb krijimin e Bibliotek\u00ebs s\u00eb Madhe t\u00eb Aleksandris\u00eb, nga ana e Ptolemeut.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebrgjat\u00eb shekujve, Biblioteka e Aleksandris\u00eb, u b\u00eb nj\u00eb nga bibliotekat m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e lasht\u00eb. Mendimtar\u00ebt e m\u00ebdhenj, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt, matematikan\u00ebt, poet\u00ebt e epok\u00ebs, shkonin nga t\u00eb gjitha qytet\u00ebrimet aty, p\u00ebr t\u00eb studiuar dhe shk\u00ebmbyer ide.<\/p>\n
Deri n\u00eb 700.000 pergamen\u00eb mbushnin raftet e saj. Sidoqoft\u00eb, n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga tragjedit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb bot\u00ebs akademike, biblioteka n\u00ebp\u00ebr histori dhe studiuesit, nuk bien ende sot n\u00eb nj\u00eb mendje se si u shkat\u00ebrrua ajo.<\/p>\n
Teoria nr.1: E shkat\u00ebrroi perandori romak Jul \u00c7ezari<\/p>\n
Ndoshta nj\u00eb nga d\u00ebshmit\u00eb m\u00eb interesante mbi shkat\u00ebrrimin i saj, vjen nga kronikat e shkrimtar\u00ebve romak\u00eb. Sipas disa autor\u00ebve, Biblioteka e Aleksandris\u00eb, u shkat\u00ebrrua aksidentalisht nga perandori romak Jul \u00c7ezari, gjat\u00eb rrethimit t\u00eb Aleksandris\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 48 Para Krishtit. P\u00ebr shembull, Plutarku shprehet:Kur armiku u p\u00ebrpoq t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrronte flot\u00ebn e tij, Jul \u00c7ezari u detyrua t\u00eb zmbrapste rrezikun, duke p\u00ebrdorur zjarrin, q\u00eb u p\u00ebrhap aksidentalisht nga oborri, dhe e shkat\u00ebrroi bibliotek\u00ebn e madhe.<\/p>\n
Kjo d\u00ebshmi \u00ebsht\u00eb e dyshimt\u00eb, meq\u00eb Muzeu i Aleksandris\u00eb, q\u00eb ndodhej pran\u00eb bibliotek\u00ebs, mbeti i pad\u00ebmtuar, nj\u00eb fakt q\u00eb konfirmohet nga gjeografi grek Straboni, rreth 30 vjet pas rrethimit t\u00eb Aleksandris\u00eb nga \u00c7ezari. Megjithat\u00eb, Straboni nuk p\u00ebrmend vet\u00ebm Bibliotek\u00ebn e Aleksandris\u00eb, duke mb\u00ebshtetur k\u00ebshtu pohimin, se \u00c7ezari ishte p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr djegien e saj.<\/p>\n
Sidoqoft\u00eb, meq\u00eb Biblioteka ishte e bashkangjitur me Muzeumin, dhe Straboni p\u00ebrmend k\u00ebt\u00eb t\u00eb fundit, ka gjasa q\u00eb biblioteka t\u00eb ekzistonte edhe gjat\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb Strabonit. Mosp\u00ebrmendja e bibliotek\u00ebs, mund t\u2019i atribuohet ndoshta ose mund\u00ebsis\u00eb q\u00eb Straboni t\u00eb mos ket\u00eb pasur nevoj\u00eb ta p\u00ebrmend\u00eb at\u00eb, si\u00e7 kishte p\u00ebrmendur Muzeumin, ose q\u00eb biblioteka nuk ishte m\u00eb qendra e dijes si dikur (ideja e \u201cshkurtimeve t\u00eb buxhetit\u201d duket gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb e mundshme). P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, \u00ebsht\u00eb sugjeruar se nuk ishte biblioteka, por depot pran\u00eb portit, ato q\u00eb ruanin dor\u00ebshkrimet, dhe q\u00eb u shkat\u00ebrruan nga zjarri q\u00eb shkaktoi \u00c7ezari.<\/p>\n
Teoria nr.2: T\u00eb krishter\u00ebt<\/p>\n
P\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsit e mundsh\u00ebm mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb krishter\u00ebt e shekullit IV Pas Krishtit. N\u00eb vitin 391, Perandori Teodos firmosi \u200b\u200bnj\u00eb dekret q\u00eb nxorri zyrtarisht jasht\u00eb ligjit praktikat pagane. K\u00ebshtu, Serapeumi ose Tempulli i Serapisit n\u00eb Aleksandri u shkat\u00ebrrua, dhe u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb Kish\u00eb t\u00eb krishter\u00eb. Shum\u00eb dokumente mendohet se jan\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar gjat\u00eb asaj kohe.<\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, ajo nuk ishte Biblioteka e Aleksandris\u00eb, apo ndonj\u00eb bibliotek\u00eb e \u00e7do lloji, edhe pse besohet se p\u00ebrmbante rreth 10 % t\u00eb bibliotek\u00ebs s\u00eb Aleksandris\u00eb. Asnj\u00eb burim i lasht\u00eb, nuk p\u00ebrmend shkat\u00ebrrimin e ndonj\u00eb biblioteke, gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj periudhe t\u00eb caktuar kohore. Prandaj s\u2019ka asnj\u00eb d\u00ebshmi, q\u00eb t\u00eb krishter\u00ebt e shekullit IV e shkat\u00ebrruan Bibliotek\u00ebn e Aleksandris\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Teoria 3: Mysliman\u00ebt<\/p>\n
Autori i fundit i mundsh\u00ebm i k\u00ebtij krimi, mendohet se mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb qen\u00eb kalifi mysliman, Omar. Sipas k\u00ebsaj historie, nj\u00eb far\u00eb Xhon Gramatikus (490-570) i \u200b\u200bk\u00ebrkon Amrit, gjeneralit mysliman fitimtar, librat e bibliotek\u00ebs mbret\u00ebrore. Amri i shkruan Omarit se si t\u00eb veproj\u00eb, dhe ky i fundit i p\u00ebrgjigjet: \u201dN\u00ebse ata libra jan\u00eb n\u00eb pajtim me Kur\u2019anin, ne kemi nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr to; por n\u00ebse jan\u00eb kund\u00ebr tij, shkat\u00ebrrojini\u201d. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb histori, ka t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn 2 probleme: S\u00eb pari, nuk p\u00ebrmendet n\u00eb asnj\u00eb rast fjala bibliotek\u00eb, por vet\u00ebm libra. S\u00eb dyti, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb shkruar nga nj\u00eb shkrimtar i krishter\u00eb sirian, dhe mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb qen\u00eb shpikur p\u00ebr t\u00eb prishur imazhin e Omarit.<\/p>\n
Misteri mbetet<\/p>\n
Mjerisht, arkeologjia nuk ka qen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb kontribuoj\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb mister. S\u00eb pari, papiri gjendej rrall\u00eb n\u00eb Aleksandri, ndoshta p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb gjendjes klimatike, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e pafavorshme p\u00ebr ruajtjen e materialit organik. S\u00eb dyti, rr\u00ebnojat e Bibliotek\u00ebs s\u00eb Aleksandris\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb zbuluar.<\/p>\n
Kjo sepse Aleksandria banohet ende sot, dhe nga arkeolog\u00ebt lejohen t\u00eb kryhen g\u00ebrmime t\u00eb kufizuara.<\/p>\n
Ndon\u00ebse mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb e p\u00ebrshtatshme t\u00eb faj\u00ebsohet nj\u00eb njeri apo nj\u00eb grup njer\u00ebzish p\u00ebr shkat\u00ebrrimin e asaj q\u00eb shum\u00ebkush e konsideron bibliotek\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e lasht\u00eb, kjo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb mbi-thjesht\u00ebzim i \u00e7\u00ebshtjes.<\/p>\n
Biblioteka mund t\u00eb mos jet\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb fare nga flak\u00ebt, por mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb braktisur gradualisht me kalimin e koh\u00ebs. N\u00ebse Biblioteka u ngrit si nj\u00eb shenj\u00eb e fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb Ptolemeut, at\u00ebher\u00eb r\u00ebnia e saj mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb qen\u00eb e lidhur me nj\u00eb r\u00ebnie ekonomike.<\/p>\n
Teksa Egkipti polemik nisi t\u00eb per\u00ebndoj\u00eb gradualisht me kalimin e shekujve, kjo mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb ndikuar gjithashtu n\u00eb gjendjen e Bibliotek\u00ebs s\u00eb Aleksandris\u00eb. N\u00ebse Biblioteka, i mbijetoi shekujve t\u00eb par\u00eb pas Krishtit, dit\u00ebt e saj t\u00eb arta i p\u00ebrkisnin tashm\u00eb s\u00eb shkuar\u00ebs, pasi qendra e re e bot\u00ebs u b\u00eb Roma. \/ bota.al<\/p>\n