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<\/p>\nSi t\u00eb jet\u00eb ndonj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e seris\u00eb televizive Running Dry, Guardian v\u00ebren se si that\u00ebsira dhe uria po i detyrojn\u00eb familjet e Guatemal\u00ebs t\u00eb zgjedhin midis uris\u00eb dhe migrimit.<\/p>\n
Me lindjen e diellit, fushat e mjegullta rreth fshatit Guior jan\u00eb plot me burra, gra dhe f\u00ebmij\u00eb q\u00eb mbjellin mis\u00ebr pas nj\u00eb stuhie gjat\u00eb nat\u00ebs. Pas disa viteve that\u00ebsir\u00eb, \u200b\u200brrebeshi solli shpres\u00eb tek fermer\u00ebt n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb Guatemal\u00ebs lindore.<\/p>\n
Por nd\u00ebrsa Esteban Guti\u00e9rrez, 30 vje\u00e7, b\u00ebn nj\u00eb pushim nga puna, ai shpjegon pse ende \u00ebsht\u00eb i gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb rrezikoj\u00eb jet\u00ebn e tij dhe t\u00eb emigroj\u00eb n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara.<\/p>\n
\u201cF\u00ebmij\u00ebt e mi r\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb gjum\u00eb t\u00eb uritur p\u00ebr tre vitet e fundit. T\u00eb korrat tona kan\u00eb d\u00ebshtuar dhe fermat e kafes\u00eb i kan\u00eb ulur pagat deri n\u00eb $ 4 n\u00eb dit\u00eb \u201c, thot\u00eb ai. \u201cNe shpresojm\u00eb se frytet k\u00ebt\u00eb her\u00eb do t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb bollshme, por deri at\u00ebher\u00eb kemi vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb kuintal [46kg] mis\u00ebr t\u00eb mbetur \u2013 i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb me v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi i mjaftuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr nj\u00eb muaj. M\u00eb duhet t\u00eb gjej nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb udh\u00ebtuar n\u00eb veri, p\u00ebrndryshe f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e mi do t\u00eb vuajn\u00eb edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb. \u201d<\/p>\n
Amerika Qendrore mbetet nj\u00eb nga rajonet m\u00eb t\u00eb rrezikshme n\u00eb bot\u00eb jasht\u00eb zonav\u00eb s\u00eb luft\u00ebs, ku nj\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje toksike e dhun\u00ebs, varf\u00ebris\u00eb dhe korrupsionit ka detyruar miliona t\u00eb largohen nga sht\u00ebpit\u00eb e tyre drejt veriut, n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb siguris\u00eb. Por, mes nj\u00eb krize t\u00eb thell\u00eb klimatike globale, that\u00ebsira, uria dhe beteja mbi zvog\u00eblimin e burimeve natyrore gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb, po njihen si faktor\u00eb kryesor\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj levizje.<\/p>\n
Camot\u00e1n \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb grupim i komuniteteve rurale n\u00eb departamentin lindor t\u00eb Chiquimula, i cili shtrihet n\u00eb Sierra de las Minas. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e korridorit t\u00eb that\u00eb t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs Qendrore: nj\u00eb rrip q\u00eb shtrihet n\u00eb jug p\u00ebrmes Honduras, El Salvador dhe Nikaraguas, ku bie pak shi dhe ka nj\u00eb ndjeshm\u00ebri t\u00eb lart\u00eb ndaj that\u00ebsir\u00ebs dhe motit ekstrem.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb teori sezoni i shirave k\u00ebtu duhet t\u00eb zgjas\u00eb nga fundi i prillit deri n\u00eb tetor, me p\u00ebrjashtim t\u00eb nj\u00eb periudhe m\u00eb t\u00eb that\u00eb n\u00eb korrik dhe gusht t\u00eb njohur si can\u00edcula \u2013 nj\u00eb ve\u00e7ori rajonale q\u00eb k\u00ebrkon dy korrje t\u00eb shkurtra.<\/p>\n
Por dekada e kaluar ka pasur that\u00ebsira t\u00eb shpeshta dhe shira t\u00eb m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb kanalit t\u00eb nxeht\u00eb e t\u00eb that\u00eb dhe viteve t\u00eb zgjatura t\u00eb El Ni\u00f1o \u2013 faza e ngroht\u00eb e nj\u00eb cikli moti kompleks t\u00eb shkaktuar nga temperaturat e rritura t\u00eb Paq\u00ebsorit.<\/p>\n
\u201cGjat\u00eb gjasht\u00eb viteve t\u00eb fundit, mungesa e reshjeve ka qen\u00eb problemi yn\u00eb m\u00eb i madh, duke shkaktuar d\u00ebshtimin e prodhimit dhe urin\u00eb e p\u00ebrhapur\u201d, tha shkenc\u00ebtari i klim\u00ebs Ed\u00ebin Castellanos, dekani i institutit k\u00ebrkimor n\u00eb Universitetin e Guatemal\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
Tendenca e tanishme e viteve t\u00eb nxehta dhe t\u00eb thata vjen pas nj\u00eb dekade apo m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb shirave dhe p\u00ebrmbytjeve jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb zgjatura p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb faz\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb ciklit t\u00eb njohur si La Ni\u00f1a, shkaktuar nga uj\u00ebrat e ftohta t\u00eb Paq\u00ebsorit.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb terren, ndikimi ka qen\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrues. N\u00eb 2018, d\u00ebshtimet prej that\u00ebsir\u00ebs prek\u00ebn drejtp\u00ebrdrejt nj\u00eb n\u00eb 10 banor\u00eb dhe shkaktuan mungesa ekstreme t\u00eb ushqimit p\u00ebr gati 840,000 njer\u00ebz, sipas Organizat\u00ebs s\u00eb Kombeve t\u00eb Bashkuara p\u00ebr Ushqimin dhe Bujq\u00ebsin\u00eb (FAO).<\/p>\n
Si rezultat, familje t\u00eb t\u00ebra kan\u00eb migruar n\u00eb num\u00ebr rekord: q\u00eb nga tetori 2018, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 167,000 banor\u00eb t\u00eb Guatemal\u00ebs q\u00eb udh\u00ebtojn\u00eb me grupe familjare jan\u00eb kapur n\u00eb kufirin amerikan, krahasuar me 23,000 n\u00eb vitin 2016.<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Pavar\u00ebsisht rreshjeve n\u00eb Camot\u00e1n, El ni\u00f1o \u00ebsht\u00eb rikthyer dhe pritshm\u00ebrit\u00eb p\u00ebr vitin 2019 jan\u00eb t\u00eb zymta: rreth 2 milion\u00eb njer\u00ebz n\u00eb korridorin e that\u00eb do t\u00eb ken\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr ndihm\u00eb urgjente ushqimore, sipas Ricardo Rapallos, kreu i siguris\u00eb s\u00eb ushqimit n\u00eb FAO.<\/p>\n
\u201cPadyshim q\u00eb ndryshimet klimatike dhe mjedisore ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb sigurin\u00eb e ushqimit. P\u00ebr ata q\u00eb varen nga bujq\u00ebsia situata \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e pasigurt\u00eb, jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb preksh\u00ebm \u201c, tha Rapallo.<\/p>\n
Faktor\u00ebt politik\u00eb lokal\u00eb jan\u00eb gjithashtu t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Mungesa e ujit dhe varf\u00ebria jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me shp\u00ebrndarjen e tok\u00ebs s\u00eb vendit: rreth 2% e popullsis\u00eb kontrollon 70% t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha tokave bujq\u00ebsore prodhuese. N\u00eb Chiquimula, 71% e njer\u00ebzve jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb varf\u00ebri dhe 40% n\u00eb varf\u00ebri ekstreme.<\/p>\n
Pyjet pak\u00ebsojn\u00eb ndryshimet klimatike, por Guatemala ka humbur gjysm\u00ebn e pyjeve t\u00eb saj n\u00eb 40 vitet e fundit \u2013 dhe normat e shpyll\u00ebzimit jan\u00eb n\u00eb rritje, duke shkaktuar p\u00ebrmbytje, rr\u00ebshqitje t\u00eb dheut dhe erozion t\u00eb tok\u00ebs bujq\u00ebsore.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb komunitetet bujq\u00ebsore fshatare rreth Camotan, magazinimi i ujit \u00ebsht\u00eb i pak\u00ebt, dhe njer\u00ebzit e Maya Ch\u2019orti q\u00eb jetojn\u00eb k\u00ebtu kryesisht mb\u00ebshteten tek reshjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb ujitur t\u00eb mbjellat e tyre. Shumica e sht\u00ebpive nuk kan\u00eb tualete dhe rezervat e ul\u00ebta t\u00eb ujit n\u00ebnkuptojn\u00eb q\u00eb shumica e familjeve pin\u00eb dhe gatuajn\u00eb me uj\u00eb t\u00eb ndotur.<\/p>\n
\u201cNe humbim dhe ndotim pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb ujit ton\u00eb p\u00ebrmes keqmenaxhimit. Nuk jemi t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur p\u00ebr ndryshimet klimatike \u201c, tha shkenc\u00ebtari i klim\u00ebs Castellanos.<\/p>\n
Bima kryesore e rajonit \u00ebsht\u00eb kafeja, dhe p\u00ebr dekada, shum\u00eb banor\u00eb e nd\u00ebrtuan jet\u00ebn bazuar n\u00eb pun\u00ebn sezonale t\u00eb plantacioneve.<\/p>\n
Por nj\u00eb r\u00ebnie globale e \u00e7mimeve dhe k\u00ebrpudhat vdekjeprur\u00ebse t\u00eb ndryshkut, t\u00eb njohura n\u00eb vend si la rolla \u2013 q\u00eb lul\u00ebzon n\u00eb kushte t\u00eb nxehta dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsuara nga kriza klimatike \u2013 kan\u00eb zhdukur rreth 80% t\u00eb kafes\u00eb t\u00eb rajonit n\u00eb pes\u00eb vitet e fundit.<\/p>\n
Kjo ka \u00e7uar n\u00eb m\u00eb pak pun\u00eb, paga m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta dhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb uri.<\/p>\n
Esteban Guti\u00e9rrez jeton n\u00eb nj\u00eb sht\u00ebpi gjysm\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar me gruan e tij Miriam \u00c1valos, 22 vje\u00e7, dhe pes\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre n\u00eb mosh\u00eb nga shtat\u00eb muaj deri n\u00ebnt\u00eb vje\u00e7.<\/p>\n
T\u00eb gjith\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebt jan\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl. P\u00ebr m\u00ebngjes, ata han\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn piteje misri. N\u00eb shkoll\u00eb, ata ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb marrin pite dhe nj\u00eb pije me kalori shtes\u00eb. P\u00ebr dark\u00eb gatuhet tortilla me krip\u00eb ose bim\u00eb \u2013 por jo fasule, sepse that\u00ebsira i shkat\u00ebrroi vitin e kaluar.<\/p>\n
Pula e familjes vdiq disa muaj mbrapa nga nj\u00eb s\u00ebmundje q\u00eb nuk u zbulua, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nuk ka vez\u00eb, dhe mishi apo bulmeti jan\u00eb t\u00eb pap\u00ebrballuesh\u00ebm. T\u00eb rriturit han\u00eb nj\u00eb her\u00eb ose dy her\u00eb n\u00eb dit\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Guatemala ka nivelin m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb kequshqyerjes n\u00eb bot\u00eb me t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn 47% t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve q\u00eb vuajn\u00eb nga kequshqyerja kronike. Normat e kequshqyerjes jan\u00eb edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb larta n\u00eb mesin e 24 komuniteteve indigjene t\u00eb vendit, mre nj\u00eb shif mbi 60% n\u00eb Camot\u00e1n.<\/p>\n
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Q\u00eb nga viti 2016, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn 800 f\u00ebmij\u00eb n\u00ebn mosh\u00ebn pes\u00eb vje\u00e7are n\u00eb Camot\u00e1n dhe n\u00eb komun\u00ebn fqinje Jocot\u00e1n jan\u00eb diagnostikuar me kequshqyerje akute, sipas zyrtar\u00ebve t\u00eb qendr\u00ebs sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore. (Raportimi do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se numri i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ka gjasa t\u00eb jet\u00eb duksh\u00ebm m\u00eb i lart\u00eb.)<\/p>\n
\u201cStrategjia e qeveris\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb luftuar kequshqyerjen ka elemente t\u00eb mira, por n\u00eb praktik\u00eb ajo ka qen\u00eb e kufizuar nga zjarret, q\u00eb kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me emergjenca, si edhe nga problemet strukturore apo korrupsioni n\u00eb administrat\u00ebn publike\u201d, tha Paola Cano, nj\u00eb analiste e politikave publike . \u201cPa ndihm\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz do t\u00eb vdisnin\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u00c1valos ishte 13 vje\u00e7 kur lindi f\u00ebmij\u00ebn e saj t\u00eb par\u00eb. Ajo peshon rreth 40 kg dhe ushqen me gji vajz\u00ebn e saj shtat\u00eb muajshe, e cila peshon vet\u00ebm 4 kilogram\u00eb. Vajza dyvje\u00e7are peshon rreth 10 kg; faqet e saj dhe stomaku jan\u00eb t\u00eb mufatura, dhe flok\u00ebt po i bien \u2013 simptomat klasike t\u00eb kequshqyerjes akute. Vajza pes\u00ebvje\u00e7are p\u00ebr momentin po sh\u00ebrohet nga humbja e papritur e pesh\u00ebs. Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb zgjohen nat\u00ebn duke qar\u00eb nga uria.<\/p>\n
\u201cNe jemi t\u00eb d\u00ebshp\u00ebruar\u201d, tha \u00c1valos, e cila duket dhe ting\u00ebllon e lodhur. \u201cNuk ka para dhe as ushqim\u201d.<\/p>\n
Mbesa e \u00c1valos vdiq n\u00eb vitin 2016 n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn tre muajsh. N\u00ebna e saj nuk ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb prodhonte mjaftuesh\u00ebm qum\u00ebsht gjiri, dhe familja nuk mundi t\u00eb p\u00ebrballonte t\u00eb blinte qum\u00ebsht formul\u00eb.<\/p>\n
\u201cKjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb varf\u00ebri \u2013 apo varf\u00ebri e skajshme: kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb uri dhe njer\u00ebzit po vdesin\u201d, tha Rodimiro Lant\u00e1n nga Comundich, nj\u00eb organizat\u00eb q\u00eb ndihmon komunitetet t\u00eb rimarrin tokat e paraardh\u00ebsve si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar migrimin e detyruar.<\/p>\n
Familjet p\u00ebrballen me nj\u00eb zgjedhje t\u00eb pamundur: q\u00ebndroni dhe rrezikoni urin\u00eb, ose rrezikoni gjith\u00e7ka n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e emigracionit. \u201cAta rrezikojn\u00eb jet\u00ebn e tyre edhe n\u00ebse q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb \u2013 dhe n\u00ebse shkojn\u00eb,\u201d tha Lant\u00e1n.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb vendas q\u00eb mori k\u00ebt\u00eb vendim ishte Juan de L\u00e9on Guti\u00e9rrez, nj\u00eb djal\u00eb 16 vje\u00e7ar nga nj\u00eb fshat i af\u00ebrt. N\u00eb prill, ai vdiq n\u00eb spitalin e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb Teksasit vet\u00ebm pak dit\u00eb pasi ishte marr\u00eb n\u00eb kujdestarin\u00eb amerikane t\u00eb emigracionit \u2013 nj\u00eb nga t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn tet\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb guatemalez\u00eb kishin vdekur pak pas kalimit t\u00eb kufirit amerikan q\u00eb prej majit 2018.<\/p>\n
Juan de L\u00e9on nuk kishte lidhje fisnore me Estebanin, por vdekjet e tilla jan\u00eb thell\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ndjera n\u00eb k\u00ebto komunitete rurale. Esteban \u00ebsht\u00eb me lot n\u00eb sy nd\u00ebrsa largohet nga sht\u00ebpia e familjes p\u00ebr t\u00eb takuar nj\u00eb kontrabandist, i cili mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje ta udh\u00ebzoj\u00eb at\u00eb drejt veriut. Ai nuk ka kursime, por kumbari i tij i ka ofruar kontrabandistit 3.5 hektar\u00eb tok\u00eb si nj\u00eb garanci.<\/p>\n
\u201cBankat nuk i ndihmojn\u00eb njer\u00ebzit si ne\u201d, thot\u00eb Esteban, p\u00ebrmes lot\u00ebve.<\/p>\n
I \u00ebsht\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb se familjet kan\u00eb nj\u00eb shans m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb n\u00eb kufi, prandaj \u00ebsht\u00eb duke marr\u00eb me vete djalin e tij n\u00ebnt\u00ebvje\u00e7ar \u00cbilson. Ai e di se marrja e nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije t\u00eb kequshqyer n\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim 2,000 kilometra do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb \u2013 por nuk mund ta p\u00ebrballoj\u00eb pritjen: ushqimi po mbaron.<\/p>\n
\u201cNe u rrit\u00ebm t\u00eb uritur, por kat\u00ebr vitet e fundit kan\u00eb qen\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira\u201d, tha n\u00ebna e tij. \u201cUn\u00eb nuk dua q\u00eb djali im t\u00eb shkoj\u00eb n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb, dhe do t\u00eb jet\u00eb shum\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr Wilson.\u201d<\/p>\n
\u201cKam d\u00ebgjuar q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit kan\u00eb vdekur gjat\u00eb udh\u00ebtimit. Por ndoshta nuk ka asnj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. \u201d<\/p>\n
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