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<\/a><\/p>\nAkulloreb\u00ebr\u00ebsja, Nancy Johnson.<\/h5>\n
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Patenta me num\u00ebr 3274 e 9 shtatorit 1843 tregon nj\u00eb kov\u00eb rrethore prej druri, nj\u00eb cilind\u00ebr t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm prej kallaji dhe nj\u00eb lopat\u00eb n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi e lidhur me nj\u00eb manivel\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb e regjistruar n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb Nancy Johnson, lindur n\u00eb 1795 dhe ka mahnitur breza t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebsh; \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb ftoh\u00ebs artificial, emrin ia vuri shpik\u00ebsja e tij q\u00eb sh\u00ebrbente p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb akullore. Kova e jashtme mbushej me akull, cilindri i brendsh\u00ebm me dy shije ftohej kur rrotullohej manivela. Nancy e shiti shum\u00eb lir\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb u kthye n\u00eb mekanizmin standard p\u00ebr shum\u00eb vite dhe njer\u00ebzit jan\u00eb pasuruar me k\u00ebt\u00eb mjet.<\/p>\n
Azatioprina, nj\u00eb medikament q\u00eb b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur transplatet, Gertrude Elion.<\/p>\n Gjat\u00eb adoleshenc\u00ebs, n\u00eb vitet 1920 kimistja q\u00eb do t\u00eb fitonte \u00e7mimin Nobel, pa t\u00eb vdiste nga kanceri gjyshi i saj dhe vendosi q\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen t\u2019i kushtohej k\u00ebsaj s\u00ebmundje. Edhe pse u kthye nga Universiteti i Nju Jorkut nuk arrinte t\u00eb gjente pun\u00eb, vet\u00ebm at\u00ebher\u00eb kur gjat\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore shum\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb ishin n\u00eb front arriti t\u00eb hynte n\u00eb laborator\u00eb q\u00eb sot i p\u00ebrkasin GlaxoSmithKline. K\u00ebtu Gertrude Eliot njohu George Hichings, i cili k\u00ebrkonte medikamente q\u00eb nd\u00ebrprisnin nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. Ajo sintetizoi p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb purinat, nj\u00eb lloj medikamenti q\u00eb b\u00ebri t\u00eb mundur trajtimin e leukemis\u00eb. S\u00eb bashku me Hitchings, me t\u00eb cilin ndau Nobelin dhe me James Black n\u00eb vitin 1988 krijoi medikamente t\u00eb tjera kund\u00ebr malaries, herpesit, Hivit. Medikamenti e saj m\u00eb i njohur \u00ebsht\u00eb azatioprina q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb inmunosupresor q\u00eb lejon realizimin e transplantit, pra kontrollon refuzimin e organit.<\/p>\n \u00c7antat e letr\u00ebs, Margaret Knight.<\/p>\n N\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 12 vje\u00e7are habit\u00eb t\u00eb \u00ebm\u00ebn, pasi kishte v\u00ebn\u00eb re nj\u00eb incident n\u00eb nj\u00eb fabrik\u00eb tekstilesh n\u00eb Maine, kur krijoi nj\u00eb mjet sigurie p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndaluar automatikisht nj\u00eb makin\u00eb, n\u00ebse mbetej di\u00e7ka brenda. Pas Luft\u00ebs civile u zhvendos n\u00eb Massachusetts, ku punoi n\u00eb nj\u00eb fabrik\u00eb \u00e7antash letre, Columbia. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb \u00e7antat ishin pak a shum\u00eb sa nj\u00eb zarf dhe Margaret Knight\u00a0 mendoi sa praktike do t\u00eb ishin, n\u00ebse do t\u00eb kishin nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb shesht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar volum p\u00ebr objektet. Nj\u00eb shok pune, Charles Annan i vodhi prototipin dhe e patentoi. Kur Knight e denoncoi, argumenti ishte se nj\u00eb grua nuk mundte kurr\u00eb t\u00eb dizenjoj\u00eb nj\u00eb makin\u00eb kaq novatore, por ajo shpjegoi hapat e shpikjes s\u00eb saj dhe mori meritat; patenta kaloi n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb saj pas nj\u00eb gjygji t\u00eb gjat\u00eb n\u00eb 1871.<\/p>\n Kevlar, fibra antiplumb, Stephanie Kwolek.<\/p>\n \u00cbsht\u00eb femra e kat\u00ebrt q\u00eb ka hyr\u00eb n\u00eb Sallonin e Fam\u00ebs s\u00eb Shpik\u00ebsve n\u00eb vitin 1995 dhe ka fitur Medaljen Komb\u00ebtare t\u00eb Teknologjis\u00eb n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb. Gjith\u00eb karrier\u00ebn e saj e zhvilloi n\u00eb DuPont, kur n\u00eb vitin 1964 po punonte p\u00ebr nj\u00eb fib\u00ebr t\u00eb leht\u00eb, por rezistente p\u00ebr t\u00eb prodhuar goma. N\u00eb nj\u00eb vit krijoi di\u00e7ka q\u00eb ishte 5 her\u00eb m\u00eb e fort\u00eb se \u00e7eliku. Shoq\u00ebria e patentoi me emrin Kevlar dhe sot p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr jelek\u00ebt antiplumb, helmetat ushtarake dhe p\u00ebr velat e garave.<\/p>\n Gjuha informatike COBOL, Grace Murray Hopper.<\/p>\n Kund\u00ebradmiralja ishte nj\u00eb nga tre programueset moderne dhe ka punuar me kompjuterat e famsh\u00ebm Mark I t\u00eb Harvardit. Ideja e saj p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar gjuh\u00eb programesh t\u00eb pavarura nga makinat \u00e7oi n\u00eb zhvillimin e Cobol (common business-oriented language) n\u00eb vitin 1959 q\u00eb ende p\u00ebrdoret edhe sot. Grace Murray Hopper vdiq n\u00eb 1992 dhe mori Medaljen e Liris\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb nga presidenti Obama pas vdekjes, sepse jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb krijoi gjuh\u00ebn e kompjuterit m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb bot\u00eb gjat\u00eb dekad\u00ebs 1970, por edhe p\u00ebr kontributet e saj n\u00eb informatik\u00eb.<\/p>\n Monopoli, Elizabeth Magie.<\/p>\n N\u00eb vitin 1904 nj\u00eb stenografe dhe shkruese krijoi \u201cThe Landlord\u2019s Game\u201d\u00a0 p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebndshme rrezikun e monopoleve, kapitalizmi pa kontroll dhe t\u00eb k\u00ebqijat e grumbulluara n\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb kurriz t\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb mori nj\u00eb patent\u00eb. Elizabeth Magie\u00a0ishte nj\u00eb fem\u00ebr p\u00ebrparimtare, feministe dhe militante politike dhe mb\u00ebshteste \u201ctaks\u00ebn unike\u201d q\u00eb promovonte Henry George, nj\u00eb politikan karizmatik dhe ekonomist i shek XIX. Si pjes\u00eb e aktivizmit ajo krijoi loj\u00ebn q\u00eb u popullarizua n\u00eb veri t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs. 30 vite m\u00eb von\u00eb, nj\u00eb shit\u00ebs i papun\u00eb, Charles Darrow, kopjoi loj\u00ebn e saj dhe ia shiti sip\u00ebrmarrjes Parker Brothers dhe u b\u00eb milioner. N\u00eb vitin 1935 kjo sip\u00ebrmarrje kishte negociuar me Magie-n p\u00ebr blerjen e \u201cThe Landlord\u2019s Game\u201d\u00a0 p\u00ebr 500 dollar\u00eb.<\/p>\n Avullorja p\u00ebr rigjenerimin e l\u00ebkur\u00ebs, Fiona Wood.<\/p>\n N\u00eb vitin 1992 nj\u00eb m\u00ebsues shkolle mb\u00ebrriti n\u00eb spitalin Perth n\u00eb Australi me djegie nga benzina n\u00eb mas\u00ebn 90% t\u00eb trupit. E mori n\u00ebn kurim nj\u00eb mjeke q\u00eb i shp\u00ebtoi jet\u00ebn me nj\u00eb teknik\u00eb q\u00eb aplikohej n\u00eb SHBA p\u00ebr t\u00eb rigjeneruar l\u00ebkur\u00ebn, por n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb priste p\u00ebr kultur\u00ebn e indeve q\u00eb donte disa dit\u00eb dhe q\u00eb pacienti nuk i kishte, sepse infeksionet do ta vrisnin m\u00eb par\u00eb, mendoi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb. Fiona Woods kaloi net\u00eb n\u00eb laborator me nj\u00eb kolege Marie Stoner\u00a0 duke u p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb ndryshonte kriterin e inxhinieris\u00eb s\u00eb indeve. Duke gjetur nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb vaporizimit qelizor t\u00eb l\u00ebkur\u00ebs n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb kultivonte inde revolucionarizoi trajtimin e djegieve. Ky proces vazhdon e p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsohet dhe Wood punon n\u00eb klinik\u00ebn e saj \u201cClinical Cell Culture\u201d. Spraj i quajtur ReCell u p\u00ebrdor n\u00eb vitin 2002 p\u00ebr t\u00eb trajtuar viktimat e atentatit n\u00eb Bali, Indonezi.\\<\/p>\n Fshir\u00ebset, Mary Anderson.<\/p>\n Mary Anderson shkonte n\u00eb Nju Jork n\u00eb nj\u00eb dit\u00eb t\u00eb ftoht\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1902, kur mendoi se duhej t\u00eb b\u00ebnte di\u00e7ka p\u00ebr t\u00eb hequr bor\u00ebn q\u00eb grumbullohej n\u00eb xhamat e p\u00ebrparm\u00eb t\u00eb tranvajit, me t\u00eb cilin udh\u00ebtonte, meq\u00eb pasagjer\u00ebt ngrinin dhe shoferi i mbate t\u00eb dy dritaret hapur p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb. Kur u kthye n\u00eb Alabama, aty ku edhe rrinte, filloi t\u00eb vizatoj\u00eb nj\u00eb mjet q\u00eb vepronte manualisht q\u00eb nga brenda mjetit, t\u00eb cilin e patentoi n\u00eb vitin 1903 p\u00ebr 17 vjet. Kur donte ta shiste nuk gjeti bler\u00ebs. N\u00eb vitin 1920 kur patenta kishte skaduar biznesi i automjeteve shp\u00ebrtheu dhe dizenjoja e Andersenit u kthye n\u00eb standard.<\/p>\n En\u00eblar\u00ebset, Josephine Cochrane.<\/p>\n N\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e saj n\u00eb Shelbyville, Ilinois i p\u00eblqente t\u00eb organizonte festa dhe q\u00eb t\u2019u sh\u00ebrbente t\u00eb ftuarve me en\u00eb porcelani t\u00eb trash\u00ebguar nga familja. Personeli i kuzhin\u00ebs thyente sa her\u00eb ndonj\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb Josephine Cochrane pati iden\u00eb e nj\u00eb makine q\u00eb t\u00eb pastronte m\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe m\u00eb e sigurt. \u201cNuk gjeta asnj\u00eb mashkull q\u00eb ta b\u00ebnte ashtu si e doja un\u00eb, provonin dhe d\u00ebshtonin,\u201d \u2013 tha n\u00eb 1880 kur e vizatoi modelin e saj.Tre vjet pas vdekjes s\u00eb t\u00eb shoqit krijoi nj\u00eb makin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019ia shitur restoranteve dhe hoteleve. Themeloi nj\u00eb sip\u00ebrmarrje q\u00eb mbajti emrin e saj e q\u00eb sot njihet si KitchenAid.<\/p>\n Pelena nj\u00ebp\u00ebrdorimshe, Marion Donovan.<\/p>\n Pas vdekjes s\u00eb t\u00eb \u00ebm\u00ebs, i ati e \u00e7onte n\u00eb nj\u00eb fabrik\u00eb ku punonte. Duke u rritur n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb mjedis e ndihmoi shum\u00eb kur lindi djali i dyt\u00eb; nd\u00ebrronte shum\u00eb pelena dhe \u00e7ar\u00e7af\u00eb nga nj\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb tek tjetri. Marion Donovan filloi t\u00eb ideonte nj\u00eb pelen\u00eb me filtra dhe b\u00ebri disa prova me perdet e banj\u00ebs dhe n\u00eb fund me nj\u00eb cop\u00eb parashutash. Ajo e quajti kanotjerja dhe pati shum\u00eb sukses n\u00eb vitin 1949. Nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb von\u00eb kur prezantoi pelen\u00ebn nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimshe t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nga nj\u00eb let\u00ebr shum\u00eb e fort\u00eb dhe thith\u00ebse t\u00eb gjith\u00eb u tall\u00ebn, sepse kishte prezantuar nj\u00eb send kaq pak praktik. Victor Mills, krijues i Pampers e rimendoi k\u00ebt\u00eb ide nj\u00eb dekad\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb dhe krijoi perandorin\u00eb e tij.<\/p>\n Biskota me cop\u00ebza \u00e7okollate, Ruth Wakefield.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n