{"id":10938,"date":"2019-05-05T20:44:56","date_gmt":"2019-05-05T18:44:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=10938"},"modified":"2019-05-05T20:45:08","modified_gmt":"2019-05-05T18:45:08","slug":"perca-dhe-investo-pse-funksionoi-plani-marshall","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=10938","title":{"rendered":"\u201cP\u00ebr\u00e7a dhe investo\u201d: Pse funksionoi Plani Marshall"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Nga Melvyn P. Leffler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Plani Marshall, ishte nima m\u00eb e suksesshme e politik\u00ebs s\u00eb jashtme t\u00eb SHBA-s\u00eb gjat\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb, dhe ndoshta m\u00eb e suksesshmja n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb historin\u00eb e Amerik\u00ebs. N\u00eb Franc\u00eb, Itali, Britanin\u00eb e Madhe, Gjermanin\u00eb Per\u00ebndimore dhe m\u00eb gjer\u00eb, plani prej 13 miliard\u00eb dollar\u00ebsh n\u00eb ndihma, p\u00ebrshpejtoi rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbjen ekonomike, ngriti moralin, dhe zbehu joshjen ndaj komunizmit.<\/p>\n<p>E gjitha kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur. Por ajo q\u00eb harrohet shpesh, \u00ebsht\u00eb se Plani Marshall, nxiti tensionet e Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb. Duke nxitur rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbjen ekonomike t\u00eb zonave per\u00ebndimore t\u00eb pushtimit n\u00eb Gjermani, dhe bashkimin e tyre n\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb u njoh si Gjermania Per\u00ebndimore, ajo nisi t\u00eb nxiste frik\u00eb n\u00eb mbar\u00eb kontinentin, nga Lindja n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim, p\u00ebr spektrin e fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb rip\u00ebrt\u00ebrir\u00eb gjermane.<\/p>\n<p>Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, kjo \u00e7oi n\u00eb krijimin e NATO-s dhe ndarjen e Evrop\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00ebto jan\u00eb temat e librit t\u00eb ri t\u00eb Ben Stajl \u201cPlani Marshall: Agimi i Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb\u201d, q\u00eb e analizon k\u00ebt\u00eb nism\u00eb nga nj\u00eb perspektiv\u00eb e madhe strategjike. Stajl ia atribuon realizmin q\u00eb dominoi mendimin strategjik t\u00eb SHBA-s\u00eb gjat\u00eb asaj periudhe, interesit n\u00eb rritje mbi gjeopolitik\u00ebn, dhe ndikimin e mendimtar\u00ebve t\u00eb till\u00eb si gjeografi britanik Halford Makinder.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb vitin 1945, dy vjet para shpalljes s\u00eb Planit Marshall, disa nga ekspert\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur t\u00eb vendit n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare Frederik Dan, Eduard \u00cbrl, Uilliam Foks, Grejson Kirk, Dejvid Roui, Harold Shpraut, dhe Arnold Uolfers, shkruan nj\u00eb studim p\u00ebr Institutin Brukings, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ata zbuluan se imperativi kryesor i siguris\u00eb komb\u00ebtare t\u00eb vendit, ishte parandalimi q\u00eb \u00e7do kund\u00ebrshtar ose koalicion kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebsh, t\u00eb merrte n\u00ebn kontroll Euroazis\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Leksioni kryesor i Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, argumentuan ata, ishte se armiqt\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzonin burimet, infrastruktur\u00ebn industriale dhe pun\u00ebn e kualifikuar t\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs dhe Azis\u00eb, mund t\u00eb tundoheshin t\u00eb sulmonin, dhe zhvillonin nj\u00eb luft\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb kund\u00ebr Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb pranver\u00ebn e vitit 1947, ajo q\u00eb i druheshin m\u00eb shum\u00eb zyrtar\u00ebt amerikan\u00eb nuk ishte agresioni ushtarak sovjetik. Ata shqet\u00ebsoheshin edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb nga sfidat ekonomike, trazirat sociale dhe kaosi politik, me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn po ballafaqohej Evropa Per\u00ebndimore, dhe t\u00eb cilat po ndodhnin n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb kur Bashkimi Sovjetik, po krijonte nj\u00eb prani dominuese n\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn Lindore.<\/p>\n<p>Partit\u00eb komuniste, g\u00ebzonin nj\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb fort\u00eb n\u00eb Franc\u00eb dhe Itali, dhe nj\u00eb luft\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb civile ishte duke u zhvilluar n\u00eb Greqi, midis t\u00eb majt\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb djatht\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<p>Pra nd\u00ebsa kushtet po vazhdonin t\u00eb p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsoheshin, politik\u00ebb\u00ebr\u00ebsit e SHBA-s\u00eb filluan t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsoheshin se Kremlini mund t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb vendoste hegjemonin\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn, edhe pa nj\u00eb t\u00eb sht\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb vetme arm\u00ebsh. Shumica e ekspert\u00ebve, e kuptuan se nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb ky\u00e7e e problemit ishte \u201chendeku i dollarit\u201d: shum\u00eb vende nuk kishin monedha komb\u00ebtare t\u00eb forta p\u00ebr t\u00eb bler\u00eb ushqimet dhe karburantin e nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr rind\u00ebrtimin e vendit. Dimri i eg\u00ebr i vitit 1947, i p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsoi k\u00ebto mungesa.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00eb detyruara t\u00eb improvizonin, qeverit\u00eb vendos\u00ebn kuota p\u00ebr importet, dhe kontroll mbi shk\u00ebmbimin e jasht\u00ebm. N\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn, mori hov planifikimi qeveritar i ekonomis\u00eb. N\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, Partia Laburiste shtet\u00ebzoi industrit\u00eb e m\u00ebdha, dhe krijoi nj\u00eb shtet gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebs t\u00eb mir\u00ebqenies sociale, q\u00eb shtoi sfidat financiare t\u00eb vendit.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, kapitalizmi liberal dhe tregjet e hapura dukeshin t\u00eb rrezikuara. N\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjes s\u00eb Uashingtonit ndaj k\u00ebtyre sfidave, ishte nj\u00eb grup i shquar politik\u00ebb\u00ebr\u00ebsish, diplomat\u00ebsh dhe gjeneral\u00ebsh amerikan\u00eb:Marshall, Kenan, Eshson etj. Pasi bisedoi me Stalinin n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb n\u00eb prillin e vitit 1947, Marshall arriti n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se diskutimi dhe negocimi n\u00ebnkuptonte zvarritje, dhe kjo e fundit humbjen.<\/p>\n<p>Siaps Marshall, Stalini po ruante momentin e tij, duke pritur q\u00eb kushtet n\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn Per\u00ebndimore t\u00eb p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsoheshin. SHBA-ja duhej t\u00eb vepronte. Kur u kthye nga Moska, Marshall urdh\u00ebroi Xhorxh Kenanin dhe Shtabin e Planifikimit t\u00eb Politikave, t\u00eb hartonin nj\u00eb program p\u00ebr rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbjen e ekonomive evropiane.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb ritregimin e historis\u00eb s\u00eb Planit Marshall, Stajl e v\u00eb theksin tek roli i SHBA-s\u00eb n\u00eb rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbjen e Gjermanis\u00eb dhe pasojat politike dhe strategjike q\u00eb rrjedhin prej saj. Marshall dhe koleg\u00ebt e tij, e kuptuan se zonat per\u00ebndimore t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb ishin jetike p\u00ebr rind\u00ebrtimin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs, pasi qymyri gjerman n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, ishte i nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb ushqyer prodhimin industrial gjetk\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, Kenan dhe Marshall, vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb zgjerojn\u00eb ofert\u00ebn e ndihm\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha vendet evropiane, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb Bashkimin Sovjetik. N\u00eb fjalimin e mbajtur n\u00eb Universitetin e Harvardit, Marshall tha se nisma nuk kishte p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim ndonj\u00eb vend apo doktrine t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, por thjesht t\u00eb luftonte \u201curin\u00eb, varf\u00ebrin\u00eb, d\u00ebshp\u00ebrimin dhe kaosin\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Ky formulim ishte i matur. N\u00ebse prezantohej si nj\u00eb mas\u00eb anti-sovjetike, plani mund t\u00eb kishte antagonizuar element\u00ebt ky\u00e7 n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb, tek mb\u00ebshtetja e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve varej suksesi i tij. Por duke e kusht\u00ebzuar pjes\u00ebmarrjen me nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb parimesh q\u00eb Stalini nuk mund t\u2019i pranonte, politik\u00ebb\u00ebr\u00ebsit amerikan\u00eb, ishin n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb garantonin pamund\u00ebsin\u00eb e sovjetik\u00ebve, p\u00ebr ta sabotuar k\u00ebt\u00eb nism\u00eb nga brenda.<\/p>\n<p>Stajl q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor edhe burime ruse n\u00eb librin e tij, tho\u00eb se Stalini ishte i interesuar t\u00eb ruante nj\u00eb form\u00eb minimale bashk\u00ebpunimi me Per\u00ebndimin. Sipas tij, nisma e kapi \u201cn\u00eb befasi\u201d udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsin sovjetik. Si\u00e7 e parashikoi Kenan, Stalini orkestroi nj\u00eb konfiskim komunist t\u00eb pushtetit n\u00eb \u00c7ekosllovaki, nd\u00ebrsa bllokoi Berlinin.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, ai shkaktoi kriz\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb, dhe e nxiti Uashingtonin t\u00eb rishqyrtoj\u00eb qasjen e tij. Shpejt u b\u00eb e qart\u00eb, se plani mund t\u00eb provokonte luft\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb afatshkurt\u00ebr, ose ta linte Evrop\u00ebn Per\u00ebndimore t\u00eb c\u00ebnueshme ndaj nj\u00eb pushtimi t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm sovjetik n\u00eb nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb afatgjat\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Traktati i Atlantikut t\u00eb Veriut, i cili themeloi NATO-n, ishte nj\u00eb pasoj\u00eb e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb e Planit Marshall. Duke u ndalur n\u00eb situat\u00ebn aktuale, dhe leksionet q\u00eb duhen nxjerr\u00eb ng e shkuara, Stajl sugjeron se Shtetet e Bashkuara duhet t\u00eb pranojn\u00eb realisht nj\u00eb sfer\u00eb sigurie ruse n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb. Realizmi n\u00eb vitin 1947, synonte t\u00eb ruante Europ\u00ebn Per\u00ebndimore dhe Gjermanin\u00eb per\u00ebndimore nga sundimi sovjetik, p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb lloj realizmi duhet folur sot kur b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr shtetet baltike, Krimen\u00eb dhe Evrop\u00ebn Lindore?<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr t\u00eb zbatuar strategjin\u00eb e tyre, politik\u00ebb\u00ebr\u00ebsit amerikane, punuan pa u lodhur p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie bashk\u00ebpunuese dypartiake, pa ndihm\u00ebn e t\u00eb cilit Plani Marshall, nuk do t\u00eb ishte miratuar. Duke njohur r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e opinionit publik, ata filluan nj\u00eb fushat\u00eb masive t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve me publikun, dhe manipuluan me dinak\u00ebri parullat antikomuniste, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mobilizuar mb\u00ebshtetjen.<\/p>\n<p>Ata hartuan me kujdes nj\u00eb buxhet, q\u00eb bazohej n\u00eb nismat e tyre t\u00eb politik\u00ebs s\u00eb jashtme. Dhe kur u b\u00eb e domosdoshme, ata e ndryshuan qasjen e tyre, duke pranuar pa hezitim nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr angazhime strategjike, dhe miratuan Traktatit t\u00eb Atlantikut t\u00eb Veriut. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb u desh, q\u00eb Plani Marshall t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb histori suksesi.<\/p>\n<p>Marr\u00eb me shkurtime nga \u201cForeign Affairs\u201d \u2013 Bota.al<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nga Melvyn P. Leffler Plani Marshall, ishte nima m\u00eb e suksesshme e politik\u00ebs s\u00eb jashtme t\u00eb SHBA-s\u00eb gjat\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb, dhe ndoshta m\u00eb e suksesshmja n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb historin\u00eb e Amerik\u00ebs. N\u00eb Franc\u00eb, Itali, Britanin\u00eb e Madhe, Gjermanin\u00eb Per\u00ebndimore dhe m\u00eb gjer\u00eb, plani prej 13 miliard\u00eb dollar\u00ebsh n\u00eb ndihma, p\u00ebrshpejtoi rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbjen ekonomike, ngriti moralin, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10940,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u201cP\u00ebr\u00e7a dhe investo\u201d: Pse funksionoi Plani Marshall - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/redaktori.com\/?p=10938\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sq_AL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cP\u00ebr\u00e7a dhe investo\u201d: Pse funksionoi Plani Marshall - Informohu qart\u00ebsisht!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nga Melvyn P. Leffler Plani Marshall, ishte nima m\u00eb e suksesshme e politik\u00ebs s\u00eb jashtme t\u00eb SHBA-s\u00eb gjat\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb, dhe ndoshta m\u00eb e suksesshmja n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb historin\u00eb e Amerik\u00ebs. 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